CHLH 274- Final Exam questions
correctly answered passed
What is the measure for an Ecological study - correct answer ✔✔correlation coefficient (R)
What is the measure for a Cross-Sectional study - correct answer ✔✔prevalence
What is the measure for a Case Control study - correct answer ✔✔odds ratio
What is the measure for a Cohort study - correct answer ✔✔relative risk
What is the measure for an Experimental study - correct answer ✔✔relative risk
In which 2 studies do you look exposure and disease at the same point in time? - correct answer
✔✔ecological & cross sectional
In which study design do you start with the disease and trace back to the find the potential exposure -
correct answer ✔✔case control
in which study design do you start with exposure and and look for a potential outcome? - correct answer
✔✔Cohort
in which study design do you ASSIGN exposure and look for potential outcomes - correct answer
✔✔experimental
What three things do you need to eliminate for your study to be valid - correct answer ✔✔bias,
confounding, & random error
Who typically introduces bias? - correct answer ✔✔investigators or study participants
, What are the 2 major types of bias? - correct answer ✔✔selection and observation.
what is selection bias - correct answer ✔✔selecting people to favor a certain outcomes (loss to follow up
can be cause)
what are the 2 types of selection bias - correct answer ✔✔Berkson & Neyman
What are the 2 types of observation bias? - correct answer ✔✔recall & interviewer
what is confounding - correct answer ✔✔alternate explanation for association between exposure and
outcome (third variable)
When do you know there is confounding - correct answer ✔✔occurs when crude and adjusted measures
of effects are not equal (difference of at least 10%)
What are the 3 most common confounders - correct answer ✔✔age, gender, risk factors, (also race)
What is the best way to deal with confounding - correct answer ✔✔control it
describe how to control for confounding in the design phase - correct answer ✔✔major use of
restriction (restrict admissibility criteria), randomization, matching (get controls and experimental to be
as close as possible)
describe how to control for confounding in the analysis phase - correct answer ✔✔stratification of data
by age or gender, multivariate analysis
what is a random error - correct answer ✔✔not a systemic error, but a chance or luck of the draw
When do you reject your null hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔when p < alpha (0.05) (results are
significant not due to chance)
correctly answered passed
What is the measure for an Ecological study - correct answer ✔✔correlation coefficient (R)
What is the measure for a Cross-Sectional study - correct answer ✔✔prevalence
What is the measure for a Case Control study - correct answer ✔✔odds ratio
What is the measure for a Cohort study - correct answer ✔✔relative risk
What is the measure for an Experimental study - correct answer ✔✔relative risk
In which 2 studies do you look exposure and disease at the same point in time? - correct answer
✔✔ecological & cross sectional
In which study design do you start with the disease and trace back to the find the potential exposure -
correct answer ✔✔case control
in which study design do you start with exposure and and look for a potential outcome? - correct answer
✔✔Cohort
in which study design do you ASSIGN exposure and look for potential outcomes - correct answer
✔✔experimental
What three things do you need to eliminate for your study to be valid - correct answer ✔✔bias,
confounding, & random error
Who typically introduces bias? - correct answer ✔✔investigators or study participants
, What are the 2 major types of bias? - correct answer ✔✔selection and observation.
what is selection bias - correct answer ✔✔selecting people to favor a certain outcomes (loss to follow up
can be cause)
what are the 2 types of selection bias - correct answer ✔✔Berkson & Neyman
What are the 2 types of observation bias? - correct answer ✔✔recall & interviewer
what is confounding - correct answer ✔✔alternate explanation for association between exposure and
outcome (third variable)
When do you know there is confounding - correct answer ✔✔occurs when crude and adjusted measures
of effects are not equal (difference of at least 10%)
What are the 3 most common confounders - correct answer ✔✔age, gender, risk factors, (also race)
What is the best way to deal with confounding - correct answer ✔✔control it
describe how to control for confounding in the design phase - correct answer ✔✔major use of
restriction (restrict admissibility criteria), randomization, matching (get controls and experimental to be
as close as possible)
describe how to control for confounding in the analysis phase - correct answer ✔✔stratification of data
by age or gender, multivariate analysis
what is a random error - correct answer ✔✔not a systemic error, but a chance or luck of the draw
When do you reject your null hypothesis - correct answer ✔✔when p < alpha (0.05) (results are
significant not due to chance)
