,Table of Content. .
Chapter .01: .Cellular .Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter .02: .Genes .and .Genetic .Diseases.................................................................................................................. 13
Chapter .03: .Epigenetics .and .Disease ........................................................................................................................ 23
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter .04: .Altered .Cellular .and .Tissue .Biology ..................................................................................................... 27
Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding .Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition......................................................................... 39
Chapter .06: .Innate .Immunity: .Inflammation .and .Wound .Healing .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter .07: .Adaptive .Immunity ................................................................................................................................ 60
Chapter .08: .Infection .and .Defects .in .Mechanisms .of .Defense .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter .09: .Stress .and .Disease ................................................................................................................................. 76
Chapter .10: .Biology, .Clinical .Manifestations, .and .Treatment .of .Cancer .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................... 81
Chapter .11: .Cancer .Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
Chapter .12: .Cancer .in .Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
Chapter .13: .Structure .and .Function .of .theNeurologic .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapter .14: .Pain, .Temperature, .Sleep, .and .Sensory .Function .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 105
Chapter .15: .Alterations .in .Cognitive .Systems, .Cerebral .Hemodynamics, .and .Motor .Function ............................ 116
Chapter .16: .Disorders .of .theCentral .and .Peripheral .Nervous .Systems .and .theNeuromuscular .Junction............... 126
Chapter .17: .Alterations .of .Neurologic .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 138
Chapter .18: .Mechanisms .of .Hormonal .Regulation ................................................................................................. 147
Chapter .19: .Alterations .of .Hormonal .Regulation ................................................................................................... 156
Chapter .20: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Hematologic .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 169
Chapter .21: .Alterations .of .Hematologic .Function .................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter .22: .Alterations .of .Hematologic .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 192
Chapter .23: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Cardiovascular .and .Lymphatic .Systems .Huether .& .McCance:
.Understanding .Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .......................................................................................................... 200
Chapter .24: .Alterations .of .Cardiovascular .Function............................................................................................... 210
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapter .25: .Alterations .of .Cardiovascular .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 229
S.N.T . . O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter .26: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Pulmonary .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 236
Chapter .27: .Alterations .of .Pulmonary .Function ..................................................................................................... 245
, Chapter .28: .Alterations .of .Pulmonary .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition.................................................................................................................................. 257
Chapter .29: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Renal .and .Urologic .Systems .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 265
Chapter .30: .Alterations .of .Renal .and .Urinary .Tract .Function .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 273
Chapter .31: .Alterations .of .Renal .and .Urinary .Tract .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 280
Chapter .32: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Reproductive .Systems .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 286
Chapter .33: .Alterations .of .the .Female .Reproductive .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 295
Chapter .34: .Alterations .of .the .Male .Reproductive .System .................................................................................... 300
Chapter .35: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Digestive .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 305
Chapter .36: .Alterations .of .Digestive .Function........................................................................................................ 312
Chapter .37: .Alterations .of .Digestive .Function .in .Children .................................................................................... 325
Chapter .38: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Musculoskeletal .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 334
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapter .39: .Alterations .of .Musculoskeletal .Function ............................................................................................. 342
Chapter .40: .Alterations .of .Musculoskeletal .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 352
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapter .41: .Structure, .Function, .and .Disorders .of .the .Integument .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 357
Chapter .42: .Alterations .of .the .Integument .in .Children .......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
. . .
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
. . . . . .
MULTIPLE .CHOICE
1. A .student .is .observing .a .cell .under .the .microscope. .It .is .observed .to .have .supercoiled
DNA .with .histones. .Which .of .the .following .would .also .be .observed .by .the .student?
.
a. A .single .circular .chromosome
b. A .nucleus
c. Free-floating .nuclear .material
d. No .organelles
ANS: . B
The .cell .described .is .a .eukaryotic .cell, .so .it .has .histones .and .a .supercoiled .DNA .within .its
.nucleus; .thus, .the .nucleus .should .be .observed. .A .single .circular .chromosome .called .a
.prokaryote .contains .free-floating .nuclear .material .but .has .no .organelles.
REF: .p. .2
2. A .nurse .is .instructing .the .staff .about .cellular .functions. .Which .cellular .function .is .the
.nurse .describing .when .an .isolated .cell .absorbs .oxygen .and .uses .it .to .transform .nutrients .to
.energy?
a. Metabolic .absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: .D
The .cell’s .ability .to .absorb .oxygen .is .referred .to .as .respiration .while .its .communication .ability
.involves .maintenance .of .a .steady .dynamic .state, .metabolic .absorption .provides .nutrition, .and
.secretion .allows .for .the .synthesizing .of .new .substances.
REF: .p. .2
3. A .eukaryotic .cell .is .undergoing .DNA .replication. .In .which .region .of .the .cell .would .most
of .the .genetic .information .be .contained?
.
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus .Cytoplasm
ANS: .C
The .region .of .the .cell .that .contains .genetic .material, .including .a .large .amount .of .ribonucleic
.acid, .most .of .the .DNA, .and .DNA-binding .proteins, .is .the .nucleolus, .which .is .located .within
.the .cell’s .nucleus. .Mitochondria .is .associated .with .cellular .respiration, .while .ribosomes .are
.involved .with .protein .manufacturing. .Cytoplasm .is .a .fluid .filling .that .is .a .component .of
.the .cell.
REF: .p. .2
Chapter .01: .Cellular .Biology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Chapter .02: .Genes .and .Genetic .Diseases.................................................................................................................. 13
Chapter .03: .Epigenetics .and .Disease ........................................................................................................................ 23
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Chapter .04: .Altered .Cellular .and .Tissue .Biology ..................................................................................................... 27
Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding .Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition......................................................................... 39
Chapter .06: .Innate .Immunity: .Inflammation .and .Wound .Healing .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................... 48
Chapter .07: .Adaptive .Immunity ................................................................................................................................ 60
Chapter .08: .Infection .and .Defects .in .Mechanisms .of .Defense .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................... 66
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 74
Chapter .09: .Stress .and .Disease ................................................................................................................................. 76
Chapter .10: .Biology, .Clinical .Manifestations, .and .Treatment .of .Cancer .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................... 81
Chapter .11: .Cancer .Epidemiology ............................................................................................................................ 87
Chapter .12: .Cancer .in .Children ................................................................................................................................ 91
Chapter .13: .Structure .and .Function .of .theNeurologic .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................... 94
Chapter .14: .Pain, .Temperature, .Sleep, .and .Sensory .Function .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 105
Chapter .15: .Alterations .in .Cognitive .Systems, .Cerebral .Hemodynamics, .and .Motor .Function ............................ 116
Chapter .16: .Disorders .of .theCentral .and .Peripheral .Nervous .Systems .and .theNeuromuscular .Junction............... 126
Chapter .17: .Alterations .of .Neurologic .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 138
Chapter .18: .Mechanisms .of .Hormonal .Regulation ................................................................................................. 147
Chapter .19: .Alterations .of .Hormonal .Regulation ................................................................................................... 156
Chapter .20: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Hematologic .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 169
Chapter .21: .Alterations .of .Hematologic .Function .................................................................................................. 176
INGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................... 177
Chapter .22: .Alterations .of .Hematologic .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 192
Chapter .23: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Cardiovascular .and .Lymphatic .Systems .Huether .& .McCance:
.Understanding .Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .......................................................................................................... 200
Chapter .24: .Alterations .of .Cardiovascular .Function............................................................................................... 210
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 210
SINGTB.COM ............................................................................................................................................................. 223
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 226
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 228
Chapter .25: .Alterations .of .Cardiovascular .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 229
S.N.T . . O .................................................................................................................................................................... 232
Chapter .26: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Pulmonary .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 236
Chapter .27: .Alterations .of .Pulmonary .Function ..................................................................................................... 245
, Chapter .28: .Alterations .of .Pulmonary .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition.................................................................................................................................. 257
Chapter .29: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Renal .and .Urologic .Systems .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 265
Chapter .30: .Alterations .of .Renal .and .Urinary .Tract .Function .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 273
Chapter .31: .Alterations .of .Renal .and .Urinary .Tract .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition ................................................................................................................................. 280
Chapter .32: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Reproductive .Systems .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 286
Chapter .33: .Alterations .of .the .Female .Reproductive .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 295
Chapter .34: .Alterations .of .the .Male .Reproductive .System .................................................................................... 300
Chapter .35: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Digestive .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 305
Chapter .36: .Alterations .of .Digestive .Function........................................................................................................ 312
Chapter .37: .Alterations .of .Digestive .Function .in .Children .................................................................................... 325
Chapter .38: .Structure .and .Function .of .the .Musculoskeletal .System .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 334
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 337
Chapter .39: .Alterations .of .Musculoskeletal .Function ............................................................................................. 342
Chapter .40: .Alterations .of .Musculoskeletal .Function .in .Children .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 352
U .SN.T O .................................................................................................................................................................. 354
Chapter .41: .Structure, .Function, .and .Disorders .of .the .Integument .Huether .& .McCance: .Understanding
.Pathophysiology, .6th .Edition .................................................................................................................................. 357
Chapter .42: .Alterations .of .the .Integument .in .Children .......................................................................................... 366
, Chapter 01: Cellular Biology
. . .
Huether & McCance: Understanding Pathophysiology, 6th Edition
. . . . . .
MULTIPLE .CHOICE
1. A .student .is .observing .a .cell .under .the .microscope. .It .is .observed .to .have .supercoiled
DNA .with .histones. .Which .of .the .following .would .also .be .observed .by .the .student?
.
a. A .single .circular .chromosome
b. A .nucleus
c. Free-floating .nuclear .material
d. No .organelles
ANS: . B
The .cell .described .is .a .eukaryotic .cell, .so .it .has .histones .and .a .supercoiled .DNA .within .its
.nucleus; .thus, .the .nucleus .should .be .observed. .A .single .circular .chromosome .called .a
.prokaryote .contains .free-floating .nuclear .material .but .has .no .organelles.
REF: .p. .2
2. A .nurse .is .instructing .the .staff .about .cellular .functions. .Which .cellular .function .is .the
.nurse .describing .when .an .isolated .cell .absorbs .oxygen .and .uses .it .to .transform .nutrients .to
.energy?
a. Metabolic .absorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS: .D
The .cell’s .ability .to .absorb .oxygen .is .referred .to .as .respiration .while .its .communication .ability
.involves .maintenance .of .a .steady .dynamic .state, .metabolic .absorption .provides .nutrition, .and
.secretion .allows .for .the .synthesizing .of .new .substances.
REF: .p. .2
3. A .eukaryotic .cell .is .undergoing .DNA .replication. .In .which .region .of .the .cell .would .most
of .the .genetic .information .be .contained?
.
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleus .Cytoplasm
ANS: .C
The .region .of .the .cell .that .contains .genetic .material, .including .a .large .amount .of .ribonucleic
.acid, .most .of .the .DNA, .and .DNA-binding .proteins, .is .the .nucleolus, .which .is .located .within
.the .cell’s .nucleus. .Mitochondria .is .associated .with .cellular .respiration, .while .ribosomes .are
.involved .with .protein .manufacturing. .Cytoplasm .is .a .fluid .filling .that .is .a .component .of
.the .cell.
REF: .p. .2
