Examl 4:l NSG3850l /l NSGl 3850l (Latestl
2025/l 2026l Update)l Pathophysiologyl IIl
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Galen
Q:l Howl tol diagnosel gallbladderl issues
Answer:
l alll imaging
nothingl invasive
Q:l Whatl isl thel firstl choicel forl diagnosingl acutel cholecystitis?
Answer:
l Ultrasound
Q:l Endoscopel -l downl throughl duodenum,l upl commonl bilel ductl tol injectl diel andl seel
ifl flowingl correctly
Answer:
l Endoscopicl retrogradel cholangiopancreatographyl (ERCP)
Complicationsl -l perforationl andl hemorrhage
Q:l Precipitationl ofl cholesteroll froml bilel occursl atl highl concentrations,l predisposingl tol
thel formationl ofl gallstones.l -l Thisl isl whyl ifl youl havel al highl fatl diet,l youl couldl be
,Answer:
l morel pronel tol gallstones.
Q:l Bilel isl producedl by
Answer:
l hepatocytesl inl thel liver
Q:l Ifl bilirubinl can'tl bel excreted,l whatl clinicall manifestationl willl bel observed?
Answer:
l Jaundice
Q:l Acalculousl cholecystitis
Answer:
l Acutel inflammationl ofl gallbladderl inl thel absencel ofl gallstonesl
=l occursl inl criticallyl illl patientsl andl patientsl onl TPN
Q:l consistingl ofl thel portall veins,l hepaticl arteries,l andl bilel ducts
Answer:
l portall triads
,Q:l Anyl obstructionl tol thel flowl ofl bloodl mayl resultl inl al risel inl portall venousl
pressurel proximall tol thel levell ofl blockage.l (withl liverl damage,l thel portall veinl willl
startl tol backl up)
Answer:
l Portall hypertension
Q:l Liverl function
Answer:
l -Temporaryl storagel ofl blood
-Removall ofl bilirubinl froml thel bloodstreaml (HELLOl JAUNDICE!!)
-Hematopoiesisl (formationl ofl bloodl cells)l inl certainl diseasel statesl (ifl kidneyl orl bonel
marrowl arel notl doingl theirl jobs)
-Synthesisl ofl bloodl clottingl factorsl (Liverl makesl ourl clottingl factorsl -l thisl isl whyl liverl
diseasel patientsl arel atl riskl forl bleedingl disorders)
Q:l Whol getsl ERCP
Answer:
l Peoplel whol mightl bel gettingl biopsy
Q:l Persistentl irritationl tol gallbladderl walll froml cholelithiasis
Answer:
l Chronicl cholecystitis
Q:l al typel ofl phagocyticl macrophagel -l gobblingl upl toxins)
, Answer:
l Kupfferl cells
Q:l lossl ofl hepatocellularl functionl orl disruptionl ofl bloodl flow
Answer:
l Generall manifestationsl ofl liverl disease
Q:l Manifestationsl ofl hepatocellularl failure
Answer:
l jaundicel (can'tl breakl downl thel bilirubin),l musclel wasting,l ascitesl (increasedl pressurel inl
portall vein),l excessivel bleedingl (impairedl synthesisl ofl clottingl factor),l deficienciesl ofl
importantl bloodl proteinsl (albumin)l andl vitaminsl (vitaminl k),l glucosel imbalance,l andl
impairedl hormonel production
Q:l reducedl albuminl inl vascularl spacel >>l increasedl fluidl inl interstitiall spacel >>>
Answer:
l ascites
Q:l thel green-yellowl stainingl ofl tissuesl byl bilirubin,l isl thel consequencel ofl impairedl
bilirubinl metabolisml andl isl onel ofl thel mostl characteristicl signsl ofl liverl disease.
Answer:
l Jaundice
2025/l 2026l Update)l Pathophysiologyl IIl
Guide|l Questionsl &l Answers|l Gradel A|l
100%l Correctl (Verifiedl Solutions)-l Galen
Q:l Howl tol diagnosel gallbladderl issues
Answer:
l alll imaging
nothingl invasive
Q:l Whatl isl thel firstl choicel forl diagnosingl acutel cholecystitis?
Answer:
l Ultrasound
Q:l Endoscopel -l downl throughl duodenum,l upl commonl bilel ductl tol injectl diel andl seel
ifl flowingl correctly
Answer:
l Endoscopicl retrogradel cholangiopancreatographyl (ERCP)
Complicationsl -l perforationl andl hemorrhage
Q:l Precipitationl ofl cholesteroll froml bilel occursl atl highl concentrations,l predisposingl tol
thel formationl ofl gallstones.l -l Thisl isl whyl ifl youl havel al highl fatl diet,l youl couldl be
,Answer:
l morel pronel tol gallstones.
Q:l Bilel isl producedl by
Answer:
l hepatocytesl inl thel liver
Q:l Ifl bilirubinl can'tl bel excreted,l whatl clinicall manifestationl willl bel observed?
Answer:
l Jaundice
Q:l Acalculousl cholecystitis
Answer:
l Acutel inflammationl ofl gallbladderl inl thel absencel ofl gallstonesl
=l occursl inl criticallyl illl patientsl andl patientsl onl TPN
Q:l consistingl ofl thel portall veins,l hepaticl arteries,l andl bilel ducts
Answer:
l portall triads
,Q:l Anyl obstructionl tol thel flowl ofl bloodl mayl resultl inl al risel inl portall venousl
pressurel proximall tol thel levell ofl blockage.l (withl liverl damage,l thel portall veinl willl
startl tol backl up)
Answer:
l Portall hypertension
Q:l Liverl function
Answer:
l -Temporaryl storagel ofl blood
-Removall ofl bilirubinl froml thel bloodstreaml (HELLOl JAUNDICE!!)
-Hematopoiesisl (formationl ofl bloodl cells)l inl certainl diseasel statesl (ifl kidneyl orl bonel
marrowl arel notl doingl theirl jobs)
-Synthesisl ofl bloodl clottingl factorsl (Liverl makesl ourl clottingl factorsl -l thisl isl whyl liverl
diseasel patientsl arel atl riskl forl bleedingl disorders)
Q:l Whol getsl ERCP
Answer:
l Peoplel whol mightl bel gettingl biopsy
Q:l Persistentl irritationl tol gallbladderl walll froml cholelithiasis
Answer:
l Chronicl cholecystitis
Q:l al typel ofl phagocyticl macrophagel -l gobblingl upl toxins)
, Answer:
l Kupfferl cells
Q:l lossl ofl hepatocellularl functionl orl disruptionl ofl bloodl flow
Answer:
l Generall manifestationsl ofl liverl disease
Q:l Manifestationsl ofl hepatocellularl failure
Answer:
l jaundicel (can'tl breakl downl thel bilirubin),l musclel wasting,l ascitesl (increasedl pressurel inl
portall vein),l excessivel bleedingl (impairedl synthesisl ofl clottingl factor),l deficienciesl ofl
importantl bloodl proteinsl (albumin)l andl vitaminsl (vitaminl k),l glucosel imbalance,l andl
impairedl hormonel production
Q:l reducedl albuminl inl vascularl spacel >>l increasedl fluidl inl interstitiall spacel >>>
Answer:
l ascites
Q:l thel green-yellowl stainingl ofl tissuesl byl bilirubin,l isl thel consequencel ofl impairedl
bilirubinl metabolisml andl isl onel ofl thel mostl characteristicl signsl ofl liverl disease.
Answer:
l Jaundice
