DEP Exam1 Questions and Correct
Answers
Life-Span Perspective - Answer-Scientific study of how people change over the life-span
Emphasizes continuity over the lifespan
-Developmental change is not discrete
-Development is lifelong
4 aspects of the Life-Span Perspective - Answer-Continuity
Multidirectional
Multicontextual
Plasticity
Multidirectional - Answer-Some things are gained, others are lost
Growth, Maintenance, Regulation of Loss
Multicontexual - Answer-Many different factors affect change
-Genes, environment, culture, etc.
,Multi-disciplinary - Answer-Change occurs in many ways
-Neurology, learning, intelligence, social, cultural
Plasticity - Answer-Change can occur at any time...but to varying degrees
2 theories in the biological perspective - Answer-Maturational Theory
Ethological Theory
Maturational Theory - Answer-Created by A. Gesell
Believed that development follows a pre-planned program because it's genetically determined, that is
that DNA causes development.
Ethological Theory - Answer-Created by K. Lorenz
Emphasized the role of evolution
Believed that many early behaviors are adaptive and evolutionarily programmed, such as sucking, crying,
and clinging
Also believed that environment played an important factor
Coined the term "critical periods"
Critical Periods - Answer-A time in development when specific learning can occur. Before or after this
period, this specific learning cannot take place (or is very difficult).
Who were the 2 main psychologists who focused on the psychodynamic perspective? - Answer-Freud
and Erikson
Freud's Psychodynamic Perspective - Answer-Believed that unconscious innate instincts drive
development and that personality develops as instinctual needs are frustrated or indulged
, Erikson's Psychodynamic Perspective - Answer-Strong emphasis on psychological and social aspects of
development
His 8 stages of development each contain a "crisis" or "challenge" that must be met in order to move to
next stage.
Classic example of "stage theory" of development
The 8 Psychosocial Stages - Answer-Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Identity confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Learning Perspective - Answer-Also called behaviorism, studies observable behavior
Development depends on learning & experience
Conditioning - Answer-According to behaviorism, or the learning perspective, the processes by which
responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. Repeating the process is crucial.
Classical Conditioning - Answer-Ivan Pavlov
A learning process in which a meaningful stimulus gradually comes to be connected with a neutral
stimulus that had no special meaning before the learning process began.
Operant Conditioning - Answer-B.F. Skinner
Answers
Life-Span Perspective - Answer-Scientific study of how people change over the life-span
Emphasizes continuity over the lifespan
-Developmental change is not discrete
-Development is lifelong
4 aspects of the Life-Span Perspective - Answer-Continuity
Multidirectional
Multicontextual
Plasticity
Multidirectional - Answer-Some things are gained, others are lost
Growth, Maintenance, Regulation of Loss
Multicontexual - Answer-Many different factors affect change
-Genes, environment, culture, etc.
,Multi-disciplinary - Answer-Change occurs in many ways
-Neurology, learning, intelligence, social, cultural
Plasticity - Answer-Change can occur at any time...but to varying degrees
2 theories in the biological perspective - Answer-Maturational Theory
Ethological Theory
Maturational Theory - Answer-Created by A. Gesell
Believed that development follows a pre-planned program because it's genetically determined, that is
that DNA causes development.
Ethological Theory - Answer-Created by K. Lorenz
Emphasized the role of evolution
Believed that many early behaviors are adaptive and evolutionarily programmed, such as sucking, crying,
and clinging
Also believed that environment played an important factor
Coined the term "critical periods"
Critical Periods - Answer-A time in development when specific learning can occur. Before or after this
period, this specific learning cannot take place (or is very difficult).
Who were the 2 main psychologists who focused on the psychodynamic perspective? - Answer-Freud
and Erikson
Freud's Psychodynamic Perspective - Answer-Believed that unconscious innate instincts drive
development and that personality develops as instinctual needs are frustrated or indulged
, Erikson's Psychodynamic Perspective - Answer-Strong emphasis on psychological and social aspects of
development
His 8 stages of development each contain a "crisis" or "challenge" that must be met in order to move to
next stage.
Classic example of "stage theory" of development
The 8 Psychosocial Stages - Answer-Trust vs. Mistrust
Autonomy vs. Shame and doubt
Initiative vs. Guilt
Industry vs. Inferiority
Identity vs. Identity confusion
Intimacy vs. Isolation
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Integrity vs. Despair
Learning Perspective - Answer-Also called behaviorism, studies observable behavior
Development depends on learning & experience
Conditioning - Answer-According to behaviorism, or the learning perspective, the processes by which
responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place. Repeating the process is crucial.
Classical Conditioning - Answer-Ivan Pavlov
A learning process in which a meaningful stimulus gradually comes to be connected with a neutral
stimulus that had no special meaning before the learning process began.
Operant Conditioning - Answer-B.F. Skinner
