DEP 3305 Exam 3 Questions and
Answers
Adolescent Friendships - Answer-- In early adolescence, they begin to spend significantly more time
with friends and other peers
than with family
- Positive affect becomes higher when adolescents are with friends than when alone or with
family
o Time spent alone is associated with greater negative affect than during other periods of
development
- Beginning in early adolescence, they list friends as more important sources of social support
than family
- Begin to have more choice over their friends and friend groups
- Friends are associated with intense positive and negative emotions
- Adolescents tend to be friends with ppl who are similar to themselves
Selective Association - Answer-The tendency to choose friends who are more similar to you (both in
terms of attitudes and
preferences, as well as risk taking behavior)
,Peer Contagion - Answer-- The process through which children reinforce and promote aggressive
behavior among each
other
Co-rumination - Answer-- The process through which friends discuss feelings of depression, sadness, or
hopelessness with
each other, which heightens, rather than lessens, feelings of depression
- Girls are more likely to engage in co-rumination than boys
Informational Support from Friends - Answer-Informational: help and guidance in solving problems
a. Talk about problems like school, friends, romantic relationships
Instrumental Support from Friends - Answer-Instrumental: help with tasks
a. Help with homework, chores, responsibilities
Companionship Support from Friends - Answer-Companionship support: providing company to social
events
a. Going with you to movies, shopping, school dances, parties
Esteem Support from Friends - Answer-Esteem: encouragement and congratulations
a. Show excitement and encouragement when they succeed and comfort when they fail
Buffering Effects of Friendships - Answer-something that lessens or reduces your risk for poor
development
- Having just one reciprocated best friend can buffer the bad effects of bullying
- Quality of friendship is important
, Parental Socialization - Answer-process by which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge,
and behaviors appropriate to their future role in their culture
Parental Gatekeeping - Answer-Parents directly intervene and choose/provide access to certain friends
over others.
Cliques - Answer-friendship groups that children voluntarily form or join themselves
- Smaller in size (3-12 ppl)
- Form a cohesive group / feels close to one another
- Similar in their level of cooperativeness, adherence, popularity, attractiveness, shyness
- Often characterized by a clear hierarchy
o Leaders are central to the group. Are often the most socially skilled member of the
group
- Antagonism: (teasing or ridicule) is common among cliques, with those higher in the hierarchy
being more antagonistic than those who are lower
o Purpose: to maintain the hierarchy or to maintain group order and cohesion (to
discourage behavior that is outside the norm of group)
Cliques across development
o In middle childhood: cliques tend to include 3 to 9 children who are usually of the same
sex
o By age 11: much of social interactions occur within the clique
o Across highschool: cliques become increasingly mixed-sex
o By the end of highschool: become less structured and more diffuse. Romantic coupling
may contr
Crowds - Answer-groups of ppl who have similar stereotyped reputations among peers
Answers
Adolescent Friendships - Answer-- In early adolescence, they begin to spend significantly more time
with friends and other peers
than with family
- Positive affect becomes higher when adolescents are with friends than when alone or with
family
o Time spent alone is associated with greater negative affect than during other periods of
development
- Beginning in early adolescence, they list friends as more important sources of social support
than family
- Begin to have more choice over their friends and friend groups
- Friends are associated with intense positive and negative emotions
- Adolescents tend to be friends with ppl who are similar to themselves
Selective Association - Answer-The tendency to choose friends who are more similar to you (both in
terms of attitudes and
preferences, as well as risk taking behavior)
,Peer Contagion - Answer-- The process through which children reinforce and promote aggressive
behavior among each
other
Co-rumination - Answer-- The process through which friends discuss feelings of depression, sadness, or
hopelessness with
each other, which heightens, rather than lessens, feelings of depression
- Girls are more likely to engage in co-rumination than boys
Informational Support from Friends - Answer-Informational: help and guidance in solving problems
a. Talk about problems like school, friends, romantic relationships
Instrumental Support from Friends - Answer-Instrumental: help with tasks
a. Help with homework, chores, responsibilities
Companionship Support from Friends - Answer-Companionship support: providing company to social
events
a. Going with you to movies, shopping, school dances, parties
Esteem Support from Friends - Answer-Esteem: encouragement and congratulations
a. Show excitement and encouragement when they succeed and comfort when they fail
Buffering Effects of Friendships - Answer-something that lessens or reduces your risk for poor
development
- Having just one reciprocated best friend can buffer the bad effects of bullying
- Quality of friendship is important
, Parental Socialization - Answer-process by which children acquire values, standards, skills, knowledge,
and behaviors appropriate to their future role in their culture
Parental Gatekeeping - Answer-Parents directly intervene and choose/provide access to certain friends
over others.
Cliques - Answer-friendship groups that children voluntarily form or join themselves
- Smaller in size (3-12 ppl)
- Form a cohesive group / feels close to one another
- Similar in their level of cooperativeness, adherence, popularity, attractiveness, shyness
- Often characterized by a clear hierarchy
o Leaders are central to the group. Are often the most socially skilled member of the
group
- Antagonism: (teasing or ridicule) is common among cliques, with those higher in the hierarchy
being more antagonistic than those who are lower
o Purpose: to maintain the hierarchy or to maintain group order and cohesion (to
discourage behavior that is outside the norm of group)
Cliques across development
o In middle childhood: cliques tend to include 3 to 9 children who are usually of the same
sex
o By age 11: much of social interactions occur within the clique
o Across highschool: cliques become increasingly mixed-sex
o By the end of highschool: become less structured and more diffuse. Romantic coupling
may contr
Crowds - Answer-groups of ppl who have similar stereotyped reputations among peers
