Soc 301 exam 2 questions with complete
solutions graded A+
informed consent - correct answer ✔✔subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on
a full understanding of the possible risks involved and where the data can go and how it can be used.
They must also get a description of the benefits they will get.
confidentiality - correct answer ✔✔Researcher knows whom the participants are, but wont publish it.
• Anonymity - correct answer ✔✔researcher has no way to tell who the participants are and nor could
the reader
• Institutional review boards - correct answer ✔✔In order to conduct a study it must be cleared by the
IRB. All university have them. It is to make sure the risks posed to people are minimal.
longitudinal: - correct answer ✔✔A study design involving data collected at different points in time
panel - correct answer ✔✔A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the saem set of
people at several points in time.
Cohort: - correct answer ✔✔A longitudinal Study in which some specific subpopulation, or cohort, is
studied over time, although data may be collected from different members in each set of observations.
So you are collecting data about political awareness from people in there 40's in 1990, and then also
collecting that data from the same cohort of people in their 50's in 2000. The cohort do not have to be
the same people.
Trend - correct answer ✔✔: A type of longitudinal study in which a given characteristic of some
population is monitored over time. Ex: you are measuring trends within some population over time but
not the same people. If you wanted tom measure political awareness of the gen pop you could look at a
Gallup poll in 1950 and one in 2010 to see the differences.
Cross-sectional - correct answer ✔✔A study based on observations representing a single point in time.
, conceptualization - correct answer ✔✔The mental process whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions
(concepts) are made more specific and precise. If you want to study prejudice, we must conceptualize
what prejudice actually entails.
Operationalization - correct answer ✔✔Specifies the exact procedures that will be used to measure the
attributes of the variables.
Indicators: - correct answer ✔✔An observation that we choose to consider as a reflection of a variable
we wish to study. Thus, for example, attending religious services might be a indicator of religiosity
Dimension - correct answer ✔✔A specifiable aspect of a concept. "religiosity" for example, might be
specified in terms of a belief dimension, a ritual dimension, a devotional dimension, a knowledge
dimension.
Nominal( Categorical) - correct answer ✔✔A variable whose attributes have only the characteristics of
exhaustive and mutual exclusiveness. A measurement describing a variable that has attributes that are
merely different. Ex: Gender.
Ordinal (Categorical): - correct answer ✔✔A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes
we can rank-order along some dimension. Ex: socioeconomic status as composed of attributes high,
medium, low.
Interval - correct answer ✔✔A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank-
ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes. Ex: farenheight temperature scale,
because the distance between 17 and 18 is the same as between 89 and 90.
Ratio - correct answer ✔✔A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that have all the
qualities of nominal, ordinal, and and interval measures in addition are based on a "true zero" point. Ex:
Age
Correlation - correct answer ✔✔An empirical relationship between 2 variables such that change in one is
associated with changes in the other, or those particular attributes of one variable are associated with
particular attributes of another.
solutions graded A+
informed consent - correct answer ✔✔subjects base their voluntary participation in research projects on
a full understanding of the possible risks involved and where the data can go and how it can be used.
They must also get a description of the benefits they will get.
confidentiality - correct answer ✔✔Researcher knows whom the participants are, but wont publish it.
• Anonymity - correct answer ✔✔researcher has no way to tell who the participants are and nor could
the reader
• Institutional review boards - correct answer ✔✔In order to conduct a study it must be cleared by the
IRB. All university have them. It is to make sure the risks posed to people are minimal.
longitudinal: - correct answer ✔✔A study design involving data collected at different points in time
panel - correct answer ✔✔A type of longitudinal study in which data are collected from the saem set of
people at several points in time.
Cohort: - correct answer ✔✔A longitudinal Study in which some specific subpopulation, or cohort, is
studied over time, although data may be collected from different members in each set of observations.
So you are collecting data about political awareness from people in there 40's in 1990, and then also
collecting that data from the same cohort of people in their 50's in 2000. The cohort do not have to be
the same people.
Trend - correct answer ✔✔: A type of longitudinal study in which a given characteristic of some
population is monitored over time. Ex: you are measuring trends within some population over time but
not the same people. If you wanted tom measure political awareness of the gen pop you could look at a
Gallup poll in 1950 and one in 2010 to see the differences.
Cross-sectional - correct answer ✔✔A study based on observations representing a single point in time.
, conceptualization - correct answer ✔✔The mental process whereby fuzzy and imprecise notions
(concepts) are made more specific and precise. If you want to study prejudice, we must conceptualize
what prejudice actually entails.
Operationalization - correct answer ✔✔Specifies the exact procedures that will be used to measure the
attributes of the variables.
Indicators: - correct answer ✔✔An observation that we choose to consider as a reflection of a variable
we wish to study. Thus, for example, attending religious services might be a indicator of religiosity
Dimension - correct answer ✔✔A specifiable aspect of a concept. "religiosity" for example, might be
specified in terms of a belief dimension, a ritual dimension, a devotional dimension, a knowledge
dimension.
Nominal( Categorical) - correct answer ✔✔A variable whose attributes have only the characteristics of
exhaustive and mutual exclusiveness. A measurement describing a variable that has attributes that are
merely different. Ex: Gender.
Ordinal (Categorical): - correct answer ✔✔A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes
we can rank-order along some dimension. Ex: socioeconomic status as composed of attributes high,
medium, low.
Interval - correct answer ✔✔A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes are rank-
ordered and have equal distances between adjacent attributes. Ex: farenheight temperature scale,
because the distance between 17 and 18 is the same as between 89 and 90.
Ratio - correct answer ✔✔A level of measurement describing a variable with attributes that have all the
qualities of nominal, ordinal, and and interval measures in addition are based on a "true zero" point. Ex:
Age
Correlation - correct answer ✔✔An empirical relationship between 2 variables such that change in one is
associated with changes in the other, or those particular attributes of one variable are associated with
particular attributes of another.
