NSG 533 Exam I (Latest Update 2024 /
2025): Advanced Pharmacology | Complete
Review Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Graded A+
_________________________________________________
What role does the large intestine play in digestion?
One of the primary functions of the large intestine is to absorb water and prepare the waste
as a solid stool that will be expelled from the body.
Ruminants
GI system characterized by three forestomach, the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and "true
stomach" -> abomasum.
Regulation of the GI system controlled by many mechanisms including:
The autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic Branch of ANS:
-Homeostatic response
-Stimulation increases intestinal motility and GI secretions and relaxes sphincters
Cholinergic Drugs
Stimulate parasympathetic actions.
Anticholinergic Drugs
Inhibit parasympathetic actions.
Sympathetic Branch of ANS:
-Fight or flight response
-Decreased intestinal motility
-Inhibits sphincter action
,Sympathetic Drugs
Stimulate actions of sympathetic branch (decreased intestinal motility, inhibited sphincter
action)
What are other factors that increase peristalsis?
Stretch receptors
Chemical secretions
GI disorders can present clinically as:
D+, V+, constipation, vomiting, bloat, ulcer development, pain.
GI Drugs
Maintain the unobstructed and regulated flow of food into body and waste out of body.
Antisialogues
Drugs that decrease salivary flow.
IV, IM, SQ to limit excess saliva (opfetn occurs secondary to anesthetic drug use)
Glycopyrrolate and Atropine as Antisialogues
Antisialogues via their anticholinergic mechanisms of actions -> block the effects of
acetylcholine at parasympathetic nerve endings.
Reduce GI motility and secretions
Diarrhea
-Due to failure of intestinal tract to adequately absorb fluids from intestinal contents
-Sign of underlying disease
-May cause excessive fluid loss leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
-Also decreases uptake of nutrients if contents are moving too quickly through it.
Antidiarrehals
Decrease peristalsis of GI tract.
Include:
-anticholinergics
, -protectants
-adsorbants
-narcotic analgesics
Anticholinergics
-Used to treat tenesmus (straining to defecate) associated with colitis and vomiting related
to colonic irritation.
-Block acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerve endings (decrease GI motility and
secretions)
Types of anticholinergics for GI system:
-Atropine
-Aminopentamide
-Propantheline
-Methscopolamine
-N-butylscopolammonium bromide
Protectants
Coating inflamed intestinal mucosa
Adsorbents
Binding bacteria/enzymes/toxins to protect mucosa from damaging effects.
Types of Protectants/Adsorbents
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto)
Kaolin/Pectin
Activated charcoal
Opiate/Narcotic Analgesics
Control D+ by decreasing both intestinal secretions and the flow of feces and increasing
segmental contractions -> increased intestinal absorption.
Types of Opiate/Narcotic Analgesics for GI:
2025): Advanced Pharmacology | Complete
Review Questions and Verified Answers |
100% Correct | Graded A+
_________________________________________________
What role does the large intestine play in digestion?
One of the primary functions of the large intestine is to absorb water and prepare the waste
as a solid stool that will be expelled from the body.
Ruminants
GI system characterized by three forestomach, the reticulum, rumen, omasum, and "true
stomach" -> abomasum.
Regulation of the GI system controlled by many mechanisms including:
The autonomic nervous system.
Parasympathetic Branch of ANS:
-Homeostatic response
-Stimulation increases intestinal motility and GI secretions and relaxes sphincters
Cholinergic Drugs
Stimulate parasympathetic actions.
Anticholinergic Drugs
Inhibit parasympathetic actions.
Sympathetic Branch of ANS:
-Fight or flight response
-Decreased intestinal motility
-Inhibits sphincter action
,Sympathetic Drugs
Stimulate actions of sympathetic branch (decreased intestinal motility, inhibited sphincter
action)
What are other factors that increase peristalsis?
Stretch receptors
Chemical secretions
GI disorders can present clinically as:
D+, V+, constipation, vomiting, bloat, ulcer development, pain.
GI Drugs
Maintain the unobstructed and regulated flow of food into body and waste out of body.
Antisialogues
Drugs that decrease salivary flow.
IV, IM, SQ to limit excess saliva (opfetn occurs secondary to anesthetic drug use)
Glycopyrrolate and Atropine as Antisialogues
Antisialogues via their anticholinergic mechanisms of actions -> block the effects of
acetylcholine at parasympathetic nerve endings.
Reduce GI motility and secretions
Diarrhea
-Due to failure of intestinal tract to adequately absorb fluids from intestinal contents
-Sign of underlying disease
-May cause excessive fluid loss leading to dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
-Also decreases uptake of nutrients if contents are moving too quickly through it.
Antidiarrehals
Decrease peristalsis of GI tract.
Include:
-anticholinergics
, -protectants
-adsorbants
-narcotic analgesics
Anticholinergics
-Used to treat tenesmus (straining to defecate) associated with colitis and vomiting related
to colonic irritation.
-Block acetylcholine release from parasympathetic nerve endings (decrease GI motility and
secretions)
Types of anticholinergics for GI system:
-Atropine
-Aminopentamide
-Propantheline
-Methscopolamine
-N-butylscopolammonium bromide
Protectants
Coating inflamed intestinal mucosa
Adsorbents
Binding bacteria/enzymes/toxins to protect mucosa from damaging effects.
Types of Protectants/Adsorbents
Bismuth subsalicylate (Pepto)
Kaolin/Pectin
Activated charcoal
Opiate/Narcotic Analgesics
Control D+ by decreasing both intestinal secretions and the flow of feces and increasing
segmental contractions -> increased intestinal absorption.
Types of Opiate/Narcotic Analgesics for GI:
