NR570 / NR 570 Midterm Exam: (Latest Update 2025) | Questions with
Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A +
In addition to lifestyle modification, cholesterol reducing statins should be
considered for adults with the following risks for ASCVD:
-Individuals with clinical ASCVD
- LDL >190
-Age 40-75 w/ DM and w/ LDL 70-189 and an estimated 10 year ASCVD risk of
7.5% or higher
Statins
Lowers LDL
Associated with increased survival
Fibrates
Lowers TG
Niacin
Primarily increases HDL
Bile acid sequestrants
Lowers LDLs
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
Lowers LDL
Used in combination with statins
What abnormality in the cholesterol panel alone is not an indication for
therapy
Low HDL
What age patient should be evaluated for cardiovascular disease prevention
by using the 10 year ASCVD risk calculator
40-75
What is the first line agent for type two diabetics if lifestyle changes are
crucial, but medication is indicated
,Metformin
How much exercise is recommended per week for adults?
150 minutes of modern intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity
What is first line therapy for primary prevention of a SCVD in patients with
elevated cholesterol
Statin
ASCVD score (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease score)
Low (<5%)
Borderline (5 to < 7.5%)
Intermediate (>7.5% to < 20%)
High (>20%)
What can never be combined with a statin?
Fibrates
Left sided heart failure manifests as symptoms of
Pulmonary edema
Right sided heart failure, manifests as symptoms of
Fluid excess in the periphery
(dependent edema, JVD, hepatomegaly, etc)
TWB
Total body water
Total Body Water (TBW)
Total amount of water present within the body, which includes body, fluids, tissues,
and organs
As a person ages, and the percent of body fat increases...
... The amount of total body water decreases slightly
Percent of TBW in men
,Constitutes 60% of body weight in men
Percent of TBW in women
Constitutes 50% of body weight in women
Formula for TBW - men
TBW=0.6 x total body weight in kg
Formula for TBW - women
TBW = 0.5 x total body weight in kg
Two major components of TBW
Intracellular
Extracellular
How much of a persons TBW is intracellular compartment
2/3
How much of a person's TBW is extracellular compartment
1/3
Intracellular fluid volume (ICFV)
Volume of fluid within the intracellular compartment
Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV)
Volume of fluid in the extracellular compartment
Extracellular fluid contents
Intravascular {1/3} (plasma volume or content within the blood vessels)
Interstitial fluid {2/3} (fluid between the cells and the blood vessels)
body water composition
Why does water pass freely between the intravascular and interstitial
compartments?
In response to changes in solute concentrations in order to maintain osmotic
equilibrium in extracellular fluid volume
Two major players in regulating extra cellular fluid volume
Na+
H2O
What tags along where ever sodium goes?
, Water
Sodium largely confined to
Extracellular fluid compartment
What system regulates the amount of total body sodium/size of
extracellular fluid volume
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Bouncing the amount of sodium and water serves two purposes:
1) maintains the concentration of extracellular sodium with a narrow range of 135-
145 mEq/L
2) maintains the ECV within reasonable limits (euvolemia)
Volume status directly relates to the
Extracellular space
Causes of intracellular electrolyte and volume loss are directly related to
extracellular causes, which include
Obligatory water loss (normal homeostasis)
Insensible sources (exhalation and sweat)
Feces
Urine
External sources of volume can be delivered via
Oral fluids
Food
IV infusion
Internal water production from the oxidation of food
If excess water is ingested beyond what is required for homeostasis
It is excreted
What is excreted via urine?
Metabolic byproducts and ingested excess solutes
Verified Answers | 100% Correct | Grade A +
In addition to lifestyle modification, cholesterol reducing statins should be
considered for adults with the following risks for ASCVD:
-Individuals with clinical ASCVD
- LDL >190
-Age 40-75 w/ DM and w/ LDL 70-189 and an estimated 10 year ASCVD risk of
7.5% or higher
Statins
Lowers LDL
Associated with increased survival
Fibrates
Lowers TG
Niacin
Primarily increases HDL
Bile acid sequestrants
Lowers LDLs
Ezetimibe (Zetia)
Lowers LDL
Used in combination with statins
What abnormality in the cholesterol panel alone is not an indication for
therapy
Low HDL
What age patient should be evaluated for cardiovascular disease prevention
by using the 10 year ASCVD risk calculator
40-75
What is the first line agent for type two diabetics if lifestyle changes are
crucial, but medication is indicated
,Metformin
How much exercise is recommended per week for adults?
150 minutes of modern intensity or 75 minutes of vigorous intensity
What is first line therapy for primary prevention of a SCVD in patients with
elevated cholesterol
Statin
ASCVD score (Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease score)
Low (<5%)
Borderline (5 to < 7.5%)
Intermediate (>7.5% to < 20%)
High (>20%)
What can never be combined with a statin?
Fibrates
Left sided heart failure manifests as symptoms of
Pulmonary edema
Right sided heart failure, manifests as symptoms of
Fluid excess in the periphery
(dependent edema, JVD, hepatomegaly, etc)
TWB
Total body water
Total Body Water (TBW)
Total amount of water present within the body, which includes body, fluids, tissues,
and organs
As a person ages, and the percent of body fat increases...
... The amount of total body water decreases slightly
Percent of TBW in men
,Constitutes 60% of body weight in men
Percent of TBW in women
Constitutes 50% of body weight in women
Formula for TBW - men
TBW=0.6 x total body weight in kg
Formula for TBW - women
TBW = 0.5 x total body weight in kg
Two major components of TBW
Intracellular
Extracellular
How much of a persons TBW is intracellular compartment
2/3
How much of a person's TBW is extracellular compartment
1/3
Intracellular fluid volume (ICFV)
Volume of fluid within the intracellular compartment
Extracellular fluid volume (ECFV)
Volume of fluid in the extracellular compartment
Extracellular fluid contents
Intravascular {1/3} (plasma volume or content within the blood vessels)
Interstitial fluid {2/3} (fluid between the cells and the blood vessels)
body water composition
Why does water pass freely between the intravascular and interstitial
compartments?
In response to changes in solute concentrations in order to maintain osmotic
equilibrium in extracellular fluid volume
Two major players in regulating extra cellular fluid volume
Na+
H2O
What tags along where ever sodium goes?
, Water
Sodium largely confined to
Extracellular fluid compartment
What system regulates the amount of total body sodium/size of
extracellular fluid volume
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
Bouncing the amount of sodium and water serves two purposes:
1) maintains the concentration of extracellular sodium with a narrow range of 135-
145 mEq/L
2) maintains the ECV within reasonable limits (euvolemia)
Volume status directly relates to the
Extracellular space
Causes of intracellular electrolyte and volume loss are directly related to
extracellular causes, which include
Obligatory water loss (normal homeostasis)
Insensible sources (exhalation and sweat)
Feces
Urine
External sources of volume can be delivered via
Oral fluids
Food
IV infusion
Internal water production from the oxidation of food
If excess water is ingested beyond what is required for homeostasis
It is excreted
What is excreted via urine?
Metabolic byproducts and ingested excess solutes
