PSY 121 Exam 3 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Already Passed
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in classical
conditioning. - Answers conditioned stimulus
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they
always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a
little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and
overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the________________. - Answers
sour lemon gummy candy
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to
help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred
to as a(an) ________. - Answers unconditioned response
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was
accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this
experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response. - Answers
conditioned
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes
before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario,
lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. - Answers conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the
unconditioned stimulus. - Answers extinction
Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and
doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at
the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell.
Which of the following terms explains this response? - Answers spontaneous recovery
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. - Answers both operant
and classical conditioning
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior. - Answers
positive
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture
of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's
avoidance of spiders is ________. - Answers negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going
down
,Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs, Kyla
says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________. - Answers positive
punishment
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others)
from the individual. This is called________________. - Answers negative punishment
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a
________ schedule. - Answers ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? - Answers fixed ratio
____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in the
overall sequence of behaviors. - Answers chaining
Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the
marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll
the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________. - Answers shaping
The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate
maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________. - Answers applied behavior analysis
Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any student
with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is Ms. Wang using? -
Answers token economy
Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an example
of________________. - Answers the Premack principle
A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an animal
observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. - Answers mirror
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________. -
Answers either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his
father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based
on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older? -
Answers Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw
in his father.
For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______.
being reinforced for imitating the model
, doing what the model did
paying attention to what the model does
remembering what the model did - Answers being reinforced for imitating the model
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut
yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light
bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated - Answers insight learning
Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of _________
in learning. - Answers cognition
Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented with food
the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the next time the rats
enter the maze, their performance will be________________. - Answers as fast as rats who have always
received reinforcement
What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated? - Answers latent
learning
Sal's dog loves to go on a walk and starts spinning in circles and wagging his tail in excitement when his
lead is clipped onto his collar. Eventually Sal begins to notice that his dog starts to act excited when he
puts on his tennis shoes before a walk. His dog's behavior of spinning in circles and wagging his tail when
Sal puts on his tennis shoes is a ___________________. - Answers conditioned response
In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of a rabbit. After several
pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?
the puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus
the blinking of the eye serves as the unconditioned stimulus
the puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus
the blinking f the eye serves as stimulus - Answers the puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus
John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert's head by
striking a steel bar with a hammer. Eventually, the white rat alone made Albert cry. The white rat served
as the ________ stimulus in this study. - Answers conditioned
Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________. - Answers based
on classical conditioning
The neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, becomes a(n) ________ in classical
conditioning. - Answers conditioned stimulus
Every week, Jade spends her allowance on ½-pound of sour lemon gummy candies, even though they
always make her mouth water. One day, as she is walking down the street, Jade sees a girl carrying a
little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and
overflowing with saliva. In this example, the unconditioned stimulus is the________________. - Answers
sour lemon gummy candy
Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to
help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred
to as a(an) ________. - Answers unconditioned response
In Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study, each time the rat was presented to the boy, it was
accompanied by a loud noise which eventually led Albert to cry when presented with the rat. In this
experiment, Albert's reaction of fear upon seeing the rat was a(n) ________ response. - Answers
conditioned
In the past, thunder has made you flinch because the loud noise scares you. Lightning always comes
before the thunder and after time, you begin to flinch as soon as the lightning strikes. In this scenario,
lightning can be interpreted as a(n) ________. - Answers conditioned stimulus
In classical conditioning, ________ occurs when the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired with the
unconditioned stimulus. - Answers extinction
Martha trains her cat Whiskers to salivate to the sound of a bell. She rings the bell every 15 minutes and
doesn't follow it with food for Whiskers. Whiskers salivates less and less and finally stops salivating at
the sound of the ringing bell. A week later, she finds Whiskers salivating to the sound of a ringing bell.
Which of the following terms explains this response? - Answers spontaneous recovery
Discrimination, generalization, and extinction can occur in ________________. - Answers both operant
and classical conditioning
___________________ reinforcement occurs when something pleasant follows a behavior. - Answers
positive
Fred is afraid of spiders. He won't even watch a nature show on TV about them. When he sees a picture
of a spider, he has a panic attack, but when he avoids looking at the image, his panic goes away. Fred's
avoidance of spiders is ________. - Answers negatively reinforced; he is rewarded by his anxiety going
down
,Kyla wants to make sure her dog Axel does not beg for food from the table. Every time Axel begs, Kyla
says, "no" in a sharp, scolding voice and she never gives in. Kyla is using ________. - Answers positive
punishment
Being grounded or put in "time out" effectively removes pleasant stimuli (e.g., attention from others)
from the individual. This is called________________. - Answers negative punishment
When the number of responses is important to a schedule of reinforcement, that schedule is called a
________ schedule. - Answers ratio
Which schedule of reinforcement tends to get the highest response rate? - Answers fixed ratio
____________ is the process of reinforcement of complex behaviors by rewarding the small steps in the
overall sequence of behaviors. - Answers chaining
Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the
marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll
the marble and is reinforced for it. This example illustrates ________. - Answers shaping
The application of operant-conditioning techniques to teach new responses or to reduce or eliminate
maladaptive or problematic behavior is called ________. - Answers applied behavior analysis
Ms. Wang gives a sticker for each book her 3rd grade students read. At the end of the year, any student
with more than 10 stickers gets to attend a pizza party. What behavioral technique is Ms. Wang using? -
Answers token economy
Promising yourself some kind of reward for completing a task you are not excited about is an example
of________________. - Answers the Premack principle
A __________ neuron fires not only when an animal engages in a particular action, but also if an animal
observes another animal (or human) engaging in the same action. - Answers mirror
Research on mirror neurons shows that these neurons fire when an animal________________. -
Answers either engages in a particular behavior or watches another animal engage in the behavior
Michael grows up in a home where his father is generally unloving toward his mother. He observes his
father yell and degrade his mother, and he notices that his mother never resists this treatment. Based
on the work of Bandura, what might we predict about Michael's own relationships when he is older? -
Answers Michael may treat women with discourtesy and disrespect, as he repeats the behavior he saw
in his father.
For observational learning to occur, each of the following must happen except ______.
being reinforced for imitating the model
, doing what the model did
paying attention to what the model does
remembering what the model did - Answers being reinforced for imitating the model
You need to remove a broken light bulb from a lamp. Without a pair of gloves, you are likely to cut
yourself on the jagged glass. Suddenly, it occurs to you that you can use a cut potato to remove the light
bulb from the socket. You have just demonstrated - Answers insight learning
Scientists like Tolman and Köhler conducted important studies to help determine the role of _________
in learning. - Answers cognition
Rats that have never received any reinforcement for finding the end of a maze are presented with food
the next time they complete the maze. According to the theory of latent learning, the next time the rats
enter the maze, their performance will be________________. - Answers as fast as rats who have always
received reinforcement
What is it called when learning has taken place but has not yet been demonstrated? - Answers latent
learning
Sal's dog loves to go on a walk and starts spinning in circles and wagging his tail in excitement when his
lead is clipped onto his collar. Eventually Sal begins to notice that his dog starts to act excited when he
puts on his tennis shoes before a walk. His dog's behavior of spinning in circles and wagging his tail when
Sal puts on his tennis shoes is a ___________________. - Answers conditioned response
In a conditioning experiment, a sound is paired with a brief puff of air to the eye of a rabbit. After several
pairings, the rabbit ultimately blinks its eye when it hears the sound. Which of the following is true?
the puff of air serves as the conditioned stimulus
the blinking of the eye serves as the unconditioned stimulus
the puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus
the blinking f the eye serves as stimulus - Answers the puff of air serves as the unconditioned stimulus
John Watson offered a live, white rat to Little Albert and then made a loud noise behind Albert's head by
striking a steel bar with a hammer. Eventually, the white rat alone made Albert cry. The white rat served
as the ________ stimulus in this study. - Answers conditioned
Watson's experiment with Little Albert demonstrated that fears might be __________. - Answers based
on classical conditioning
