502 Test Bank for Advanced Pathophysiology
Exam Question/Answer Graded A+ 2024/2025
Ch. 1 #1 At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout
sessions focused on the World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the
following comments made by nurses during a discussion session, which statements
would be considered a good representation of the WHO definition? Select all that apply.
A) Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as book reviews
and word games during social time
B) Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled care facilities
C) Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed with diabetes
mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home cooking classes
D) Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their hemodialysis
sessions
E) Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young children - ✔️✔️Ans: A,
B, C, E
The WHO definition of health is defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity." Engaging in
book reviews facilitates mental and social well-being; chair aerobics helps facilitate
physical well-being; and assisting with tight control of diabetes helps with facilitating
physical well-being even though the person has a chronic disease. Handwashing is vital
in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
Ch. 1 #2 A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the
large variety of factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The nurse is
referring to the Healthy People 2020 report from the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services as a teaching example. Of the following aspects discussed, which
would be considered a determinant of health that is outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native American descent
and practices various alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment regime. C) The
client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to many
health care facilities. - ✔️✔️Ans: B
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using
alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and
promoting health for all (which includes having good health care benefits); and
promoting good health (which includes living in a clean community with good access to
health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control high cholesterol levels
within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not meet the "attaining lives
free of preventable disease and premature death" determinant.
Ch. 1 #3 A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a
large, university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation
,between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause
disease. Which of the following patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of
molecules that cause disease?
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a transfusion of packed
red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from familial
hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen therapy
and chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is
HIV positive. - ✔️✔️Ans: D
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease. Sickle
cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of the
effects of abnormal molecules.
Ch. 1 #4 A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and
pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which
of the following aspects of clients' situations best characterizes pathogenesis rather
than etiology?
A) A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident -
✔️✔️Ans: B
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as the
increasing ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and
traumatic injuries are examples of etiologic factors.
Ch. 1 #5 A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement
has arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review of
the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the
patient verifies to the nurse that he has understood the nurse's teachings about
coronary artery disease?
A) "All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more heart attacks."
B) "My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods like French
fries every day."
C) "Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that made it easy
to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery."
D) "If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the veins
causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a heart attack." -
✔️✔️Ans: C
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however, the
pathogenesis of the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory process
from a fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in people with coronary artery
disease. Risk factors for CAD revolve around cigarette smoking, diet high in fat, and
lack of exercise.
,Ch. 1 #6 A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is
assessing the client for the first time. Which of the following aspects of the patient's
current state of health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?
A) The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung fields bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute. - ✔️✔️Ans: B
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health problem,
such as complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to breath sounds, and
respiratory rate are all objective, observable signs of disease.
Ch. 1 #7 Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a
disease or outcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply.
A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon due to
intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with bleomycin, an antibiotic
chemotherapy agent used in treatment of lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed with
Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease - ✔️✔️Ans:
A, C
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are
both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from
treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson disease
progresses, the inability to walk independently is expected. This is a normal progression
for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a patient
diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
Ch. 1 #8 Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows
that
A) a normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is
disease free. - ✔️✔️Ans: A
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test
results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like
hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result of a very
sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease, and the
disease has been ruled out or excluded.
, Ch. 1 #9 The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps
establish a differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology
and shortness of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is
purported to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of
patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3%
of patients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test
positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood test?
A) Low validity; high reliability
B) High sensitivity; low specificity
C) High specificity; low reliability
D) High sensitivity; low reliability - ✔️✔️Ans: B
A large number of patients would receive the correct positive diagnosis (high
sensitivity), while a significant number would receive a false-positive diagnosis (low
specificity). The information given does not indicate low reliability or low validity.
Ch. 1 #10 As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens'
center are having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which
of the following statements would best characterize a high positive predictive value but
a low negative predictive value for this screening test?
A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men who
had low PSA levels also developed prostate cancer.
B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer-free; several men who had high
levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity. - ✔️✔️Ans: A
The test's inability to rule out cancer with a low PSA level indicates a low negative
predictive value. Answer B suggests a high negative predictive value, while answer C
indicates a low positive predictive value. High positive predictive value is associated
with high sensitivity
Ch. 1 #11 A male international business traveler has returned from a trip to Indonesia.
While there, he hired a prostitute for companionship and engaged in unprotected sex on
more than one occasion. Unbeknownst to him, this prostitute harbored the hepatitis C
virus. Upon return to the United States, he exhibited no symptoms and returned to his
usual activities. During this period of no outward symptoms, the man would be classified
as being in
A) the preclinical stage of disease.
B) remission and unlikely to develop hepatitis C.
C) the clinical disease stage of hepatitis C.
D) the chronic phase of hepatitis C. - ✔️✔️Ans: A
During the preclinical stage, the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to
progress to clinical disease.
Ch. 1 #12 As of November 1, 2012, there were a total of 10 confirmed cases of
Hantavirus infection in people who were recent visitors (mid-June to end of August,
Exam Question/Answer Graded A+ 2024/2025
Ch. 1 #1 At an international nursing conference, many discussions and breakout
sessions focused on the World Health Organization (WHO) views on health. Of the
following comments made by nurses during a discussion session, which statements
would be considered a good representation of the WHO definition? Select all that apply.
A) Interests in keeping the elderly population engaged in such activities as book reviews
and word games during social time
B) Increase in the number of chair aerobics classes provided in the skilled care facilities
C) Interventions geared toward keeping the elderly population diagnosed with diabetes
mellitus under tight blood glucose control by providing in-home cooking classes
D) Providing transportation for renal dialysis patients to and from their hemodialysis
sessions
E) Providing handwashing teaching sessions to a group of young children - ✔️✔️Ans: A,
B, C, E
The WHO definition of health is defined as "a state of complete physical, mental, and
social well-being and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity." Engaging in
book reviews facilitates mental and social well-being; chair aerobics helps facilitate
physical well-being; and assisting with tight control of diabetes helps with facilitating
physical well-being even though the person has a chronic disease. Handwashing is vital
in the prevention of disease and spread of germs.
Ch. 1 #2 A community health nurse is teaching a group of recent graduates about the
large variety of factors that influence an individual's health or lack thereof. The nurse is
referring to the Healthy People 2020 report from the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services as a teaching example. Of the following aspects discussed, which
would be considered a determinant of health that is outside the focus of this report?
A) The client has a diverse background by being of Asian and Native American descent
and practices various alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress.
B) The client has a family history of cardiovascular disease related to
hypercholesterolemia and remains noncompliant with the treatment regime. C) The
client has a good career with exceptional preventative health care benefits.
D) The client lives in an affluent, clean, suburban community with access to many
health care facilities. - ✔️✔️Ans: B
In Healthy People 2020, the focus is to promote good health to all (such as using
alternative therapies to minimize effects of stress); achieving health equity and
promoting health for all (which includes having good health care benefits); and
promoting good health (which includes living in a clean community with good access to
health care). A client's noncompliance with treatments to control high cholesterol levels
within the presence of a family history of CV disease does not meet the "attaining lives
free of preventable disease and premature death" determinant.
Ch. 1 #3 A physician is providing care for a number of patients on a medical unit of a
large, university hospital. The physician is discussing with a colleague the differentiation
,between diseases that are caused by abnormal molecules and diseases that cause
disease. Which of the following patients most clearly demonstrates the consequences of
molecules that cause disease?
A) A 31-year-old woman with sickle cell anemia who is receiving a transfusion of packed
red blood cells
B) A 91-year-old woman who has experienced an ischemic stroke resulting from familial
hypercholesterolemia
C) A 19-year-old man with exacerbation of his cystic fibrosis requiring oxygen therapy
and chest physiotherapy
D) A 30-year-old homeless man who has Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and is
HIV positive. - ✔️✔️Ans: D
PCP is an example of the effect of a molecule that directly contributes to disease. Sickle
cell anemia, familial hypercholesterolemia, and cystic fibrosis are all examples of the
effects of abnormal molecules.
Ch. 1 #4 A member of the health care team is researching the etiology and
pathogenesis of a number of clients who are under his care in a hospital context. Which
of the following aspects of clients' situations best characterizes pathogenesis rather
than etiology?
A) A client who has been exposed to the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterium
B) A client who has increasing serum ammonia levels due to liver cirrhosis
C) A client who was admitted with the effects of methyl alcohol poisoning
D) A client with multiple skeletal injuries secondary to a motor vehicle accident -
✔️✔️Ans: B
Pathogenesis refers to the progressive and evolutionary course of disease, such as the
increasing ammonia levels that accompany liver disease. Bacteria, poisons, and
traumatic injuries are examples of etiologic factors.
Ch. 1 #5 A new myocardial infarction patient requiring angioplasty and stent placement
has arrived to his first cardiac rehabilitation appointment. In this first session, a review of
the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease is addressed. Which statement by the
patient verifies to the nurse that he has understood the nurse's teachings about
coronary artery disease?
A) "All I have to do is stop smoking, and then I won't have any more heart attacks."
B) "My artery was clogged by fat, so I will need to stop eating fatty foods like French
fries every day."
C) "Sounds like this began because of inflammation inside my artery that made it easy
to form fatty streaks, which lead to my clogged artery."
D) "If I do not exercise regularly to get my heart rate up, blood pools in the veins
causing a clot that stops blood flow to the muscle, and I will have a heart attack." -
✔️✔️Ans: C
The true etiology/cause of coronary artery disease (CAD) is unknown; however, the
pathogenesis of the disorder relates to the progression of the inflammatory process
from a fatty streak to the occlusive vessel lesion seen in people with coronary artery
disease. Risk factors for CAD revolve around cigarette smoking, diet high in fat, and
lack of exercise.
,Ch. 1 #6 A 77-year-old man is a hospital inpatient admitted for exacerbation of his
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and a respiratory therapist (RT) is
assessing the client for the first time. Which of the following aspects of the patient's
current state of health would be best characterized as a symptom rather than a sign?
A) The patient's oxygen saturation is 83% by pulse oxymetry.
B) The patient notes that he has increased work of breathing when lying supine.
C) The RT hears diminished breath sounds to the patient's lower lung fields bilaterally.
D) The patient's respiratory rate is 31 breaths/minute. - ✔️✔️Ans: B
Symptoms are subjective complaints by the person experiencing the health problem,
such as complaints of breathing difficulty. Oxygen levels, listening to breath sounds, and
respiratory rate are all objective, observable signs of disease.
Ch. 1 #7 Which of the following situations would be classified as a complication of a
disease or outcome from the treatment regimen? Select all that apply.
A) Massive pulmonary emboli following diagnosis of new-onset atrial fibrillation
B) Burning, intense incision pain following surgery to remove a portion of colon due to
intestinal aganglionosis
C) Development of pulmonary fibrosis following treatment with bleomycin, an antibiotic
chemotherapy agent used in treatment of lymphoma
D) Gradual deterioration in ability to walk unassisted for a patient diagnosed with
Parkinson disease
E) Loss of short-term memory in a patient diagnosed with Alzheimer disease - ✔️✔️Ans:
A, C
Development of pulmonary emboli and pulmonary fibrosis following chemotherapy are
both examples of a complication (adverse extensions of a disease or outcome from
treatment). It is normal to expect incisional pain following surgery. As Parkinson disease
progresses, the inability to walk independently is expected. This is a normal progression
for people diagnosed with Parkinson's. Loss of short-term memory in a patient
diagnosed with Alzheimer disease is an expected finding.
Ch. 1 #8 Laboratory testing is ordered for a male patient during a clinic visit for a routine
follow-up assessment of hypertension. When interpreting lab values, the nurse knows
that
A) a normal value represents the test results that fall within the bell curve.
B) if the lab result is above the 50% distribution, the result is considered elevated.
C) all lab values are adjusted for gender and weight.
D) if the result of a very sensitive test is negative, that does not mean the person is
disease free. - ✔️✔️Ans: A
What is termed a normal value for a laboratory test is established statistically from
results obtained from a selected sample of people. A normal value represents the test
results that fall within the bell curve or the 95% distribution. Some lab values (like
hemoglobin) are adjusted for gender, other comorbidities, or age. If the result of a very
sensitive test is negative, it tells us the person does not have the disease, and the
disease has been ruled out or excluded.
, Ch. 1 #9 The laboratory technologists are discussing a new blood test that helps
establish a differential diagnosis between shortness of breath with a cardiac etiology
and shortness of breath with a respiratory/pulmonary etiology. A positive result is
purported to indicate a cardiac etiology. The marketers of the test report that 99.8% of
patients who have confirmed cardiac etiologies test positive in the test. However, 1.3%
of patients who do not have cardiac etiologies for their shortness of breath also test
positive. Which of the following statements best characterizes this blood test?
A) Low validity; high reliability
B) High sensitivity; low specificity
C) High specificity; low reliability
D) High sensitivity; low reliability - ✔️✔️Ans: B
A large number of patients would receive the correct positive diagnosis (high
sensitivity), while a significant number would receive a false-positive diagnosis (low
specificity). The information given does not indicate low reliability or low validity.
Ch. 1 #10 As part of a screening program for prostate cancer, men at a senior citizens'
center are having their blood levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) measured. Which
of the following statements would best characterize a high positive predictive value but
a low negative predictive value for this screening test?
A) All of the men who had high PSA levels developed prostate cancer; several men who
had low PSA levels also developed prostate cancer.
B) All of the men who had low PSA levels were cancer-free; several men who had high
levels also remained free of prostate cancer.
C) Men who had low PSA levels also displayed false-positive results for prostate
cancer; men with high levels were often falsely diagnosed with prostate cancer.
D) The test displayed low sensitivity but high specificity. - ✔️✔️Ans: A
The test's inability to rule out cancer with a low PSA level indicates a low negative
predictive value. Answer B suggests a high negative predictive value, while answer C
indicates a low positive predictive value. High positive predictive value is associated
with high sensitivity
Ch. 1 #11 A male international business traveler has returned from a trip to Indonesia.
While there, he hired a prostitute for companionship and engaged in unprotected sex on
more than one occasion. Unbeknownst to him, this prostitute harbored the hepatitis C
virus. Upon return to the United States, he exhibited no symptoms and returned to his
usual activities. During this period of no outward symptoms, the man would be classified
as being in
A) the preclinical stage of disease.
B) remission and unlikely to develop hepatitis C.
C) the clinical disease stage of hepatitis C.
D) the chronic phase of hepatitis C. - ✔️✔️Ans: A
During the preclinical stage, the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to
progress to clinical disease.
Ch. 1 #12 As of November 1, 2012, there were a total of 10 confirmed cases of
Hantavirus infection in people who were recent visitors (mid-June to end of August,
