AAET FLASHCARDS WITH REAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS. COMPLETE 2025 ACTUAL EXAM.
What describes an atom in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons,
giving the atom a net positive or negative electrical charge - ANSWER - Ion
What is the negatively charged particle in an atom? - ANSWER - Electron
What has neutral particles, along with protons, and is found in the nucleus of an atom? - ANSWER - Neutrons
Which particles of an atom are positively charged? - ANSWER - Protons
What makes up the elements found in all matter? - ANSWER - Atoms
What is the voltage inside the nerve cell membrane in a resting membrane potential? - - 90 to -70Mv
What is the major ion outside a cell membrane? - ANSWER - Sodium
What is the major ion inside a cell membrane? - ANSWER - Potassium
What is the physiological term when depolarization occurs it causes a muscle and/or nerve fiber to either
respond to a stimulus completely if it reaches threshold or no response if the depolarization is insufficient to
reach threshold? - All or non-response
What describes changing from a resting potential or polarized state to an excited state?
- ANSWER -Depolarization
What causes the inside of the cell to be more positively charged relative to its resting state? - ANSWER -
ANSWER - Depolarization
What describes when nerve cells are changed from an excited state back to a resting electrical potential or
polarized state? - ANSWER - Repolarization
What causes the inside of the cell to be more negatively charged relative to its resting state? - ANSWER -
Hyperpolarization
During the repolarization phase, sodium channels become inactivated and cannot be opened no matter how
much depolarization occurs and no action potential can be generated no matter how strong the stimulus. What
is this? - Absolute refractory period
,In the later stages of repolarization, a brief increase in the permeability to potassium occurs and this results in
hyperpolarizing the membrane and returning it slowly to its resting value during which time an increasing
number of sodium channels can be opened. If you give a strong stimulus, it might be possible for another action
potential to occur. This time is known as the - relative refractory period
Propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one Node of Ranvier to the next Node of Ranvier
is called? - ANSWER - Saltatory conduction
What is the name of the cells that are surrounding the axon to form the myelin sheath? - ANSWER - Schwann
Cells
What describes the periodic gaps in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon through which ion channels allow
the flow of ions across the nerve membrane? - ANSWER - Nodes of Ranvier
The length between two nodes of Ranvier is called? - ANSWER - Internodal length
Forcing sodium out of the cell and potassium in is the function of what? - ANSWER - Sodium- potassium pump
What can increase or decrease the conduction velocity of a nerve? - ANSWER - Diameter of the axon and degree
of myelination
What type of fibers mediate pain, temperature, and autonomic function? - ANSWER - Unmyelinated fibers
Nerve fiber bundles' having a common destination describes? - ANSWER - Fascicles
Each individual fascicle is surrounded by connective tissue called? - ANSWER - Perineurium
What is the connective tissue between individual axons called? - ANSWER - Endoneurium
What is the name of the outer supportive layer of connective tissue which surrounds the whole nerve and binds
fascicles to each other? - ANSWER - Epineurium
What types of nerve fibers are myelinated? - ANSWER - Type-A fibers are myelinated fibers of somatic nerve
that can innervate muscle or skin
Type B fibers are myelinated preganglionic fibers
Which type of nerve fiber is not fast and why? - ANSWER - Type C, unmyelinated
Which nerve fiber is fast but not as fast as nerve fiber type A? - ANSWER - Type B - these fibers are myelinated
but not as heavily as type A
, What is the communication link between the central and peripheral nervous system? - ANSWER - Axons
What factors are important for fast conduction velocity? - ANSWER - Increased diameter and myelination of
nerve fibers
Where is the dorsal root ganglion located? - ANSWER - Outside of the spinal cord
Where are the motor neurons located? - ANSWER - Gray matter of anterior horn in the spinal cord
What is composed of sarcomeres and is responsible for muscle contracts? - ANSWER - Myofibrils
A structural subunit and that contains actin and myosin filaments? - ANSWER - Sarcomere
Which band contains only actin filaments? - ANSWER - I band
Which band contains only myosin filaments? - ANSWER - H band
Which band contains both actin and myosin filaments? - ANSWER - A band
Where are the Z bands located? - ANSWER - At the end of each sarcomere
What muscle fiber is called slow twitch muscle fiber? - ANSWER - Type I
slow twitch, or "red" muscle, is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the
muscle tissue its characteristic red color. Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force
What muscle fiber is called fast-twitch muscle fiber? - ANSWER - Type II a and Type II b
Fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly, sustaining only short, anaerobic
bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful. They contribute most to muscle strength and have
greater potential for increase in mass.
Type II b muscle fiber is white in color.
What filament is contained in the center of sarcomere? - ANSWER - Thick myosin
Which filament is extending from either side of the Z line? - ANSWER - Thin actin
What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that aids in muscle contraction? - ANSWER - Calcium
What is the primary function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? - ANSWER - To store calcium ions (Ca^2+)
Which two nerves originate directly from the cervical spinal nerve roots? - ANSWER - Dorsal Scapular and Long
CORRECT ANSWERS. COMPLETE 2025 ACTUAL EXAM.
What describes an atom in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons,
giving the atom a net positive or negative electrical charge - ANSWER - Ion
What is the negatively charged particle in an atom? - ANSWER - Electron
What has neutral particles, along with protons, and is found in the nucleus of an atom? - ANSWER - Neutrons
Which particles of an atom are positively charged? - ANSWER - Protons
What makes up the elements found in all matter? - ANSWER - Atoms
What is the voltage inside the nerve cell membrane in a resting membrane potential? - - 90 to -70Mv
What is the major ion outside a cell membrane? - ANSWER - Sodium
What is the major ion inside a cell membrane? - ANSWER - Potassium
What is the physiological term when depolarization occurs it causes a muscle and/or nerve fiber to either
respond to a stimulus completely if it reaches threshold or no response if the depolarization is insufficient to
reach threshold? - All or non-response
What describes changing from a resting potential or polarized state to an excited state?
- ANSWER -Depolarization
What causes the inside of the cell to be more positively charged relative to its resting state? - ANSWER -
ANSWER - Depolarization
What describes when nerve cells are changed from an excited state back to a resting electrical potential or
polarized state? - ANSWER - Repolarization
What causes the inside of the cell to be more negatively charged relative to its resting state? - ANSWER -
Hyperpolarization
During the repolarization phase, sodium channels become inactivated and cannot be opened no matter how
much depolarization occurs and no action potential can be generated no matter how strong the stimulus. What
is this? - Absolute refractory period
,In the later stages of repolarization, a brief increase in the permeability to potassium occurs and this results in
hyperpolarizing the membrane and returning it slowly to its resting value during which time an increasing
number of sodium channels can be opened. If you give a strong stimulus, it might be possible for another action
potential to occur. This time is known as the - relative refractory period
Propagation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one Node of Ranvier to the next Node of Ranvier
is called? - ANSWER - Saltatory conduction
What is the name of the cells that are surrounding the axon to form the myelin sheath? - ANSWER - Schwann
Cells
What describes the periodic gaps in the insulating sheath (myelin) on the axon through which ion channels allow
the flow of ions across the nerve membrane? - ANSWER - Nodes of Ranvier
The length between two nodes of Ranvier is called? - ANSWER - Internodal length
Forcing sodium out of the cell and potassium in is the function of what? - ANSWER - Sodium- potassium pump
What can increase or decrease the conduction velocity of a nerve? - ANSWER - Diameter of the axon and degree
of myelination
What type of fibers mediate pain, temperature, and autonomic function? - ANSWER - Unmyelinated fibers
Nerve fiber bundles' having a common destination describes? - ANSWER - Fascicles
Each individual fascicle is surrounded by connective tissue called? - ANSWER - Perineurium
What is the connective tissue between individual axons called? - ANSWER - Endoneurium
What is the name of the outer supportive layer of connective tissue which surrounds the whole nerve and binds
fascicles to each other? - ANSWER - Epineurium
What types of nerve fibers are myelinated? - ANSWER - Type-A fibers are myelinated fibers of somatic nerve
that can innervate muscle or skin
Type B fibers are myelinated preganglionic fibers
Which type of nerve fiber is not fast and why? - ANSWER - Type C, unmyelinated
Which nerve fiber is fast but not as fast as nerve fiber type A? - ANSWER - Type B - these fibers are myelinated
but not as heavily as type A
, What is the communication link between the central and peripheral nervous system? - ANSWER - Axons
What factors are important for fast conduction velocity? - ANSWER - Increased diameter and myelination of
nerve fibers
Where is the dorsal root ganglion located? - ANSWER - Outside of the spinal cord
Where are the motor neurons located? - ANSWER - Gray matter of anterior horn in the spinal cord
What is composed of sarcomeres and is responsible for muscle contracts? - ANSWER - Myofibrils
A structural subunit and that contains actin and myosin filaments? - ANSWER - Sarcomere
Which band contains only actin filaments? - ANSWER - I band
Which band contains only myosin filaments? - ANSWER - H band
Which band contains both actin and myosin filaments? - ANSWER - A band
Where are the Z bands located? - ANSWER - At the end of each sarcomere
What muscle fiber is called slow twitch muscle fiber? - ANSWER - Type I
slow twitch, or "red" muscle, is dense with capillaries and is rich in mitochondria and myoglobin, giving the
muscle tissue its characteristic red color. Slow twitch fibers contract for long periods of time but with little force
What muscle fiber is called fast-twitch muscle fiber? - ANSWER - Type II a and Type II b
Fast twitch fibers contract quickly and powerfully but fatigue very rapidly, sustaining only short, anaerobic
bursts of activity before muscle contraction becomes painful. They contribute most to muscle strength and have
greater potential for increase in mass.
Type II b muscle fiber is white in color.
What filament is contained in the center of sarcomere? - ANSWER - Thick myosin
Which filament is extending from either side of the Z line? - ANSWER - Thin actin
What is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that aids in muscle contraction? - ANSWER - Calcium
What is the primary function of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? - ANSWER - To store calcium ions (Ca^2+)
Which two nerves originate directly from the cervical spinal nerve roots? - ANSWER - Dorsal Scapular and Long
