Hesi Anatomy and Physiology Exam Latest Updated 2025
With Complete Solutions
nucleus - ANSWER-Cell organelle that is large, spherical, and contains DNA
chromosomes - ANSWER-Cell organelle that consists of loosely coiled fibers in
nuclear fluid (in the nucleus). The fibers contain DNA molecules wrapped around
histones
Ribosomes - ANSWER-Cell organelle that is composed of protein and RNA, which
links amino acids to form proteins. They are found scattered in the cytoplasm and
bound to rough ER.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSWER-Cell organelle that participates in protein
and lipid molecule synthesis
rough ER - ANSWER-ER that synthesizes protein
smooth ER - ANSWER-ER that synthesizes lipids, absorbs fats from the digestive
tract, and breaks down drugs
,Golgi apparatus - ANSWER-Cell organelle that prepares cellular products for
excretion by exocytosis.
Lysosomes - ANSWER-"Garbage disposal" of the cell. Contains more than 40 types
of enzymes that dismantle debris. The enzymes work only in very acidic
conditions, which keep it from destroying other celular contents.
inclusions (vacuoles) - ANSWER-Inert chemicals within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Mitochondria - ANSWER-"Powerhouse" of the cell, where the final step of ATP
synthesis occurs.
Cell / plasma membrane - ANSWER-Part of the cell that is thin, somewhat flexible,
that controls the entrance and exit of substances in and out of the cells. It also
allows the cell to recieve incoming messages.
selectively permeable - ANSWER-The cell membrane is _____ permeable, since it
is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
signal transduction - ANSWER-What is the cell membrane recieving and
responding to messages called?
,fatty acids - ANSWER-The interior of the cell membrane is composed of
____________, which gives it selective permeability and lipid-soluble items will
pass through freely.
homeostasis - ANSWER-body's maintenance of a stable environment
receptors - ANSWER-molecule or cell that provides information about the
environment
control center (and set point) - ANSWER-indicates correct value (e.g. body temp)
effectors - ANSWER-What elicits a response that alters conditions within the
body's internal environment. (e.g. muscles and glands)
negative feedback - ANSWER-When receptors measure deviations from the set
point, effectors are activated and conditions are returned toward the set point
and effectors gradually shut off. This movement toward homeostasis and balance
is called .........
positive feedback - ANSWER-Homeostatic mechanisms that function when changes
byeffectors move the body away from normal conditions, causing more changes,
is called...... (examples are blood clotting and labor contractions)
, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism - ANSWER-Levels of
organization
organelle - ANSWER-Cell components that perform a specific function
cells - ANSWER-Basic unit of structure and function
tissues - ANSWER-Groups of cells organized into layers or masses that have
specific functions
organs - ANSWER-Structures that perform a specialized function (comprised of
tissues)
Organ systems - ANSWER-Groups of organs that function together closely
Organism - ANSWER-Comprised of an interacting organ system
superior - ANSWER-above, or closer to the head
inferior - ANSWER-below, or closer to the feet
With Complete Solutions
nucleus - ANSWER-Cell organelle that is large, spherical, and contains DNA
chromosomes - ANSWER-Cell organelle that consists of loosely coiled fibers in
nuclear fluid (in the nucleus). The fibers contain DNA molecules wrapped around
histones
Ribosomes - ANSWER-Cell organelle that is composed of protein and RNA, which
links amino acids to form proteins. They are found scattered in the cytoplasm and
bound to rough ER.
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - ANSWER-Cell organelle that participates in protein
and lipid molecule synthesis
rough ER - ANSWER-ER that synthesizes protein
smooth ER - ANSWER-ER that synthesizes lipids, absorbs fats from the digestive
tract, and breaks down drugs
,Golgi apparatus - ANSWER-Cell organelle that prepares cellular products for
excretion by exocytosis.
Lysosomes - ANSWER-"Garbage disposal" of the cell. Contains more than 40 types
of enzymes that dismantle debris. The enzymes work only in very acidic
conditions, which keep it from destroying other celular contents.
inclusions (vacuoles) - ANSWER-Inert chemicals within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Mitochondria - ANSWER-"Powerhouse" of the cell, where the final step of ATP
synthesis occurs.
Cell / plasma membrane - ANSWER-Part of the cell that is thin, somewhat flexible,
that controls the entrance and exit of substances in and out of the cells. It also
allows the cell to recieve incoming messages.
selectively permeable - ANSWER-The cell membrane is _____ permeable, since it
is composed of a phospholipid bilayer.
signal transduction - ANSWER-What is the cell membrane recieving and
responding to messages called?
,fatty acids - ANSWER-The interior of the cell membrane is composed of
____________, which gives it selective permeability and lipid-soluble items will
pass through freely.
homeostasis - ANSWER-body's maintenance of a stable environment
receptors - ANSWER-molecule or cell that provides information about the
environment
control center (and set point) - ANSWER-indicates correct value (e.g. body temp)
effectors - ANSWER-What elicits a response that alters conditions within the
body's internal environment. (e.g. muscles and glands)
negative feedback - ANSWER-When receptors measure deviations from the set
point, effectors are activated and conditions are returned toward the set point
and effectors gradually shut off. This movement toward homeostasis and balance
is called .........
positive feedback - ANSWER-Homeostatic mechanisms that function when changes
byeffectors move the body away from normal conditions, causing more changes,
is called...... (examples are blood clotting and labor contractions)
, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism - ANSWER-Levels of
organization
organelle - ANSWER-Cell components that perform a specific function
cells - ANSWER-Basic unit of structure and function
tissues - ANSWER-Groups of cells organized into layers or masses that have
specific functions
organs - ANSWER-Structures that perform a specialized function (comprised of
tissues)
Organ systems - ANSWER-Groups of organs that function together closely
Organism - ANSWER-Comprised of an interacting organ system
superior - ANSWER-above, or closer to the head
inferior - ANSWER-below, or closer to the feet
