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1. A person calls to to say she adopted a friend's dog and requests a copy In cats, there is a common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts into the
of the dog's medical record and radiographs. The former owner is a client at duodenum. It is thought that this may predispose them to ascending cholangitis and
your clinic. Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate action pancreatitis after vomiting associated with inflammatory bowel disease, resulting in
to take? extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
A - Require original owner consent or court order to release information Other possible etiologies of EHBO include neoplasia, biliary stricture, duodenal
B - Give caller a copy of medical record only obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia, and parasitic infection.
C - Give caller a copy of medical record and radiographs
D - After physical exam, start a new medical record documenting previous In all cases, there is a lack of bile entry into the intestinal tract, leading to decreased
issues absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin K, potentially resulting in
E - Give a summarized record with personal identifiers (vet, owner names) coagulopathies.
blocked out: A
Except in transient cases that are related to acute pancreatitis, surgical intervention
According to the AVMA's Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics (2008 revision) to relieve the obstruction is required as well as appropriate supportive care, antimi-
crobial treatment, and vitamin K administration.
"Ethically, the information within veterinary medical records is considered privileged 3. Most of a litter of European wild boar at a zoological park have died. The
and confidential. It must not be released except by court order or consent of the surviving piglets are in lateral recumbency with a frothy nasal discharge.
owner of the patient. Veterinarians should secure a written release to document that Necropsy of the piglets reveals pulmonary edema and copious fluid in the tra-
request." chea and bronchi along with grayish- white necrotic foci on the myocardium.
2. A 5 year old domestic short-haired spayed female cat is presented with the Which one of the following diseases is the most likely diagnosis?
complaints of anorexia, chronic vomiting, and weight loss.
A - Edema disease
Physical examination reveals icterus, dehydration, and fever. Thickened small B - Encephalomyocarditis
intestinal loops are appreciated with abdominal palpation, and serum bio- C - Glasser's Disease
chemistry shows increased bilirubin and liver enzymes. D - Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome
E - Pseudorabies: B
The cat is diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary obstruction with accompanying
cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Which one of the following nor- Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is caused by a cardiovirus in the family picor-
mal anatomic features may predispose cats to this triad of diseases? naviridae. Confusingly, the virus is named for its effects on mice.
Think of rodents and exotic zoo mammals with EMCV. Pig-to-pig contact, conta-
A - Narrowing of the duodenum distal to the entry of the common bile and mination of swine feed and water by rodents or ingestion of dead rodents may
pancreatic ducts cause disease. See pulmonary edema and copious transudate in the respiratory
B - Common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts into duodenum tract, causing cardiac failure. Zoo outbreaks of EMCV have included lions, African
C - Enlarged duodenal papilla in comparison to other species elephants, rhinos, hippos, sloths, llamas, antelope and nonhuman primates. An
D - Decreased proportion of alpha-smooth muscle actin in muscle fibers of the outbreak of lion deaths at a Florida zoo in the USA occurred after feeding them the
wall of the gall bladder in cats carcass of an African elephant that had died of EMCV.
E - Decreased diameter and increased branching of the hepatic ducts in
comparison to other species: B Edema disease is a neurologic disease caused by a hemolytic Escherichia coli
producing Shiga toxin e2 and F18 pili resulting in high mortality in recently-weaned
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pigs. C - Anterior uveitis
D - Glaucoma: B
Glasser's Disease, caused by Hemophilus parasuis is usually an acute disease of
6 to 8 week-old pigs which causes fibrinous arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis. The answer is a retrobulbar abscess. Acute, painful exophthalmos is usually due
to retrobulbar abscessation. These lesions are usually painful and may be swollen.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), is an arterivirus causing These animals are frequently systemically ill with fever and leukocytosis. Causes
reproductive failure and post-weaning respiratory disease. of retrobulbar abscesses include penetrating wounds, foreign bodies, spread from
4. What is the main mode of transmission for feline leukemia virus? dental or sinus infection, and hematogenous spread. Glaucoma does not cause
exophthalmos, although, chronically it can cause buphthalmos which may appear
A - Aerosol transmission similar. Anterior uveitis also does not cause exophthalmos.
B - Shedding of virus via feces 7. You are an associate veterinarian paid a base salary of $55,000 annually,
C - Fomite transmission plus a 8 % bonus based on receipts above your monthly production goal of
D - Shedding of virus via saliva: D $23,000. Bonuses are paid quarterly. Your last three month's production were:
The correct answer is shedding of virus via saliva. The main mode of transmission is $23,000, $28,000, and $27,000.
via saliva. It requires prolonged, close contact. Cats may shed the virus for months
to years. Transmission may also occur through reuse of instruments and blood. Virus How much is your quarterly bonus?
is shed in saliva, tears, urine, and feces.
5. You are working with a farmer who is having trouble with calves between A - $670
the age of 2 weeks and 6 months. They are alert, but weak, dyspneic and die B - $840
suddenly. On necropsy they have pale cardiac and skeletal muscles. What is C - $720
the farmer's problem? D - $810
E - $900: C $720
A - Copper deficiency
B - Sorghum toxicity If $23,000 is the monthly production goal, then the month you brought in $23,000
C - Lightning strike does not count towards a bonus.
D - Selenium deficiency: D
In the second month, $ 28,000 = $5000 above goal
The correct answer is selenium deficiency. The pale muscle and clinical signs are
classic for vitamin E and selenium deficiency. This is important to remember! Other In the third month $ 27,000 = $4000 above goal
things that should be on your differential list for this case include cardiotoxic plants.
6. A 6-year old intact male domestic short haired cat presents with acute onset Total above production goal = $5000+$4000= $9000
exophthalmos of the right eye in the past 2 days. He is painful on palpation
around his eye and head. The eye can be retropulsed with minimal resistance. $9000 X (0.08 bonus rate) = $720.
He has not been eating in the past day and has a rectal temperature of 103.4F
(39.7 C). What is the most likely diagnosis? Many practices use a combination system with a base salary and a produc-
tion-based bonus if you bring in more than a monthly production goal, but no penalty
A - Orbital neoplasia if you are below that monthly goal, which is good if you are a new graduate, and
B - Retrobulbar abscess helps in low traffic months at the clinic.
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8. A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump the owner 10. An aged intact female potbellied pig presents for evaluation of abdominal
found a month ago. She was spayed last year before she was adopted from distension. A large mass contiguous with the uterine wall is discovered with
the shelter. The owner states that the lump has grown over the last month, ultrasound exam of the abdomen. Which of the following choices is the most
and it doesn't seem to bother the cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on likely cause of this finding?
the left 2nd mammary gland, and no other lumps are noted. The lump is freely
moveable, and chest radiographs are clear. What is the chance that this tumor A - Uterine leiomyoma
is malignant? B - Endometritis
C - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
A - 5% D - Lymphosarcoma
B - 50% E - Endometrial hyperplasia: A
C - 20%
D - 85%: D The most likely cause of a large uterine mass in an intact female potbellied pig is
a uterine leiomyoma. These tumors do not typically metastasize so a cure may be
70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat before 6 months achieved by surgical removal of the uterus.
of age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by 7 fold. 11. A 10-year old German Shepherd presents to you with the complaint of
licking the anal area and scooting. On examination, you find numerous ulcer-
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single mammary mass. ated tracts in the perianal area that are draining purulent fluid. What is the
9. This 25 year old Quarter Horse mare is presented for evaluation in July diagnosis?
in the northern hemisphere. She is diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia
dysfunction. Which one of the following medications would be most likely to A - Perianal fistula
be beneficial to this mare? B - Clostridial colitis
C - Anal sac abscess
A - Isoxsuprine D - Anal sac impaction: A
B - Glucocorticoids
C - Pentoxifylline The correct answer is perianal fistula. This is seen mainly in older German Shep-
D - Pergolide herds, and licking the anus is a common presenting complaint. The key finding is the
E - Methimazole: D presence of multiple draining tracts in the perianal region that can actually be quite
deep.
Pergolide is the treatment of choice for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). 12. Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with "roaring"
PPID is characterized by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the hy- in horses. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch off of which cranial
pothalamus that normally exert an inhibitory action on the pituitary pars intermedia, nerve?
resulting in functional adenomas in the pars intermedia that produce high levels of
adrenocorticotropin hormone. A - Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
B - Facial (CN 7)
Clinical signs and laboratory findings include hypertrichosis, poor muscle tone, C - Trigeminal (CN 5)
laminitis, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and increased susceptibility to in- D - Hypoglossal (CN 12)
fection. Diagnosis is commonly made by documenting increases in plasma adreno- E - Vagus (CN 10): E
corticotropin hormone levels in affected animals.
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus (CN 10)) causes
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laryngeal hemiplegia - a paralysis of the abductor muscle (dorsal cricoarytenoid
muscle) controlling the glottic cleft in the larynx. Think more of a dropped jaw with trigeminal nerve neuropathy (CN 5-dogs, horses).
15. You see an 8-month old kitten with the effusive form of feline infectious
This allows the vocal fold (usually left side) to evert into the lumen of the larynx, peritonitis and perform euthanasia. The kitten was having severe diarrhea
obstructing airflow, leading to a roaring sound, and most importantly, slowing the around the house when it became ill. The owner has a 2 year old cat at home
horse. and wants to know what this cat's prognosis is since it has been exposed to
13. Oral administration of which of these drugs has been implicated as a cause the sick kitten. Currently this cat is clinically healthy. What do you tell her?
of esophageal strictures in cats?
A - Doxycycline A - You recommend a coronavirus titer to determine it the cat is actively
B - Azithromycin infected
C - Diazepam B - Her other cat may develop symptoms within the next two weeks because
D - Potassium bromide: A FIP is highly contagious
C - Feline infectious peritonitis is not contagious and because her other cat
The correct answer is doxycycline. There is also evidence that clindamycin can died of FIP does not mean this cat will succumb to the disease
cause stricture formation. For this reason, it is recommended that after pilling a cat D - Place the cat on L-lysine to prevent or suppress any infection with FIP
with doxycycline, it is followed with a small volume (5-10 mls) of water. E - Perform a PCR on the cat's feces to see if the virus is being shed: C
14. A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a strange
expression. Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There is ptosis O.D. (right Feline infectious peritonitis is not a contagious disease. It is a disease that is caused
eye) and the dog is drooling on the exam table. What anatomic structure is by a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus. It is unknown why in some patients this
damaged? virus mutates and causes the FIP syndrome. It is most likely to occur in young or
immunocompromised cats. Her other cat is not necessarily going to get FIP just from
A - Right side inner ear exposure. In fact, the majority of the cat population has been exposed to the feline
B - Left side inner ear enteric coronavirus.
C - Trigeminal nerve
D - Facial nerve Because most cats in the general population have been exposed, it makes interpre-
E - Left side medulla, motor tract: D tation of coronavirus titers difficult. The titers can be elevated due to prior exposure
and not from FIP. The titers can only be interpreted in lieu of clinical signs, blood
Think of facial nerve paralysis (CN 7) with a unilaterally droopy face. results, etc.
Remember the facial nerve is motor to the muscles of facial expression (explaining L-lysine is an anti-viral medication that may have some benefit for suppression of
the right side drooped ear, lip and eyelid) and innervates the lacrimal and salivary herpes virus but would not be a prevention or treatment choice for coronavirus.
glands. Loss of innervations can lead to a dry eye, and possibly to exposure keratitis
if animal losses ability to close eyelid from damage to facial nerve innervation of the The coronavirus is shed in the cat's feces during active infection with coronavirus.
orbicularis oculi muscle. Idiopathic in 75% of canine cases (25% of cats). Some infected cats do not shed the virus. The virus attacks the intestinal tract
and causes GI upset. PCR on the feces would detect coronavirus, but does not
Can also see these signs with middle ear damage (from otitis media), from facial distinguish between the enteric coronavirus and the mutated FIP form of the virus.
nerve trauma (ear surgery in dogs, or pressure from halter buckles in anesthetized 16. A 10-year old male intact Doberman mix dog is presented with one testicle
horse), or neoplasia. that is grossly enlarged and nonpainful and the other atrophied. What condi-
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1. A person calls to to say she adopted a friend's dog and requests a copy In cats, there is a common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts into the
of the dog's medical record and radiographs. The former owner is a client at duodenum. It is thought that this may predispose them to ascending cholangitis and
your clinic. Which one of the following choices is the most appropriate action pancreatitis after vomiting associated with inflammatory bowel disease, resulting in
to take? extrahepatic biliary obstruction.
A - Require original owner consent or court order to release information Other possible etiologies of EHBO include neoplasia, biliary stricture, duodenal
B - Give caller a copy of medical record only obstruction, diaphragmatic hernia, and parasitic infection.
C - Give caller a copy of medical record and radiographs
D - After physical exam, start a new medical record documenting previous In all cases, there is a lack of bile entry into the intestinal tract, leading to decreased
issues absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins such as vitamin K, potentially resulting in
E - Give a summarized record with personal identifiers (vet, owner names) coagulopathies.
blocked out: A
Except in transient cases that are related to acute pancreatitis, surgical intervention
According to the AVMA's Principles of Veterinary Medical Ethics (2008 revision) to relieve the obstruction is required as well as appropriate supportive care, antimi-
crobial treatment, and vitamin K administration.
"Ethically, the information within veterinary medical records is considered privileged 3. Most of a litter of European wild boar at a zoological park have died. The
and confidential. It must not be released except by court order or consent of the surviving piglets are in lateral recumbency with a frothy nasal discharge.
owner of the patient. Veterinarians should secure a written release to document that Necropsy of the piglets reveals pulmonary edema and copious fluid in the tra-
request." chea and bronchi along with grayish- white necrotic foci on the myocardium.
2. A 5 year old domestic short-haired spayed female cat is presented with the Which one of the following diseases is the most likely diagnosis?
complaints of anorexia, chronic vomiting, and weight loss.
A - Edema disease
Physical examination reveals icterus, dehydration, and fever. Thickened small B - Encephalomyocarditis
intestinal loops are appreciated with abdominal palpation, and serum bio- C - Glasser's Disease
chemistry shows increased bilirubin and liver enzymes. D - Porcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome
E - Pseudorabies: B
The cat is diagnosed with extrahepatic biliary obstruction with accompanying
cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease. Which one of the following nor- Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is caused by a cardiovirus in the family picor-
mal anatomic features may predispose cats to this triad of diseases? naviridae. Confusingly, the virus is named for its effects on mice.
Think of rodents and exotic zoo mammals with EMCV. Pig-to-pig contact, conta-
A - Narrowing of the duodenum distal to the entry of the common bile and mination of swine feed and water by rodents or ingestion of dead rodents may
pancreatic ducts cause disease. See pulmonary edema and copious transudate in the respiratory
B - Common opening of the pancreatic and common bile ducts into duodenum tract, causing cardiac failure. Zoo outbreaks of EMCV have included lions, African
C - Enlarged duodenal papilla in comparison to other species elephants, rhinos, hippos, sloths, llamas, antelope and nonhuman primates. An
D - Decreased proportion of alpha-smooth muscle actin in muscle fibers of the outbreak of lion deaths at a Florida zoo in the USA occurred after feeding them the
wall of the gall bladder in cats carcass of an African elephant that had died of EMCV.
E - Decreased diameter and increased branching of the hepatic ducts in
comparison to other species: B Edema disease is a neurologic disease caused by a hemolytic Escherichia coli
producing Shiga toxin e2 and F18 pili resulting in high mortality in recently-weaned
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pigs. C - Anterior uveitis
D - Glaucoma: B
Glasser's Disease, caused by Hemophilus parasuis is usually an acute disease of
6 to 8 week-old pigs which causes fibrinous arthritis, polyserositis, and meningitis. The answer is a retrobulbar abscess. Acute, painful exophthalmos is usually due
to retrobulbar abscessation. These lesions are usually painful and may be swollen.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), is an arterivirus causing These animals are frequently systemically ill with fever and leukocytosis. Causes
reproductive failure and post-weaning respiratory disease. of retrobulbar abscesses include penetrating wounds, foreign bodies, spread from
4. What is the main mode of transmission for feline leukemia virus? dental or sinus infection, and hematogenous spread. Glaucoma does not cause
exophthalmos, although, chronically it can cause buphthalmos which may appear
A - Aerosol transmission similar. Anterior uveitis also does not cause exophthalmos.
B - Shedding of virus via feces 7. You are an associate veterinarian paid a base salary of $55,000 annually,
C - Fomite transmission plus a 8 % bonus based on receipts above your monthly production goal of
D - Shedding of virus via saliva: D $23,000. Bonuses are paid quarterly. Your last three month's production were:
The correct answer is shedding of virus via saliva. The main mode of transmission is $23,000, $28,000, and $27,000.
via saliva. It requires prolonged, close contact. Cats may shed the virus for months
to years. Transmission may also occur through reuse of instruments and blood. Virus How much is your quarterly bonus?
is shed in saliva, tears, urine, and feces.
5. You are working with a farmer who is having trouble with calves between A - $670
the age of 2 weeks and 6 months. They are alert, but weak, dyspneic and die B - $840
suddenly. On necropsy they have pale cardiac and skeletal muscles. What is C - $720
the farmer's problem? D - $810
E - $900: C $720
A - Copper deficiency
B - Sorghum toxicity If $23,000 is the monthly production goal, then the month you brought in $23,000
C - Lightning strike does not count towards a bonus.
D - Selenium deficiency: D
In the second month, $ 28,000 = $5000 above goal
The correct answer is selenium deficiency. The pale muscle and clinical signs are
classic for vitamin E and selenium deficiency. This is important to remember! Other In the third month $ 27,000 = $4000 above goal
things that should be on your differential list for this case include cardiotoxic plants.
6. A 6-year old intact male domestic short haired cat presents with acute onset Total above production goal = $5000+$4000= $9000
exophthalmos of the right eye in the past 2 days. He is painful on palpation
around his eye and head. The eye can be retropulsed with minimal resistance. $9000 X (0.08 bonus rate) = $720.
He has not been eating in the past day and has a rectal temperature of 103.4F
(39.7 C). What is the most likely diagnosis? Many practices use a combination system with a base salary and a produc-
tion-based bonus if you bring in more than a monthly production goal, but no penalty
A - Orbital neoplasia if you are below that monthly goal, which is good if you are a new graduate, and
B - Retrobulbar abscess helps in low traffic months at the clinic.
, NAVLE prep questions NAVLE prep questions
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8. A 10-year old female spayed Siamese cat presents for a new lump the owner 10. An aged intact female potbellied pig presents for evaluation of abdominal
found a month ago. She was spayed last year before she was adopted from distension. A large mass contiguous with the uterine wall is discovered with
the shelter. The owner states that the lump has grown over the last month, ultrasound exam of the abdomen. Which of the following choices is the most
and it doesn't seem to bother the cat. On exam, the 2 cm lump is located on likely cause of this finding?
the left 2nd mammary gland, and no other lumps are noted. The lump is freely
moveable, and chest radiographs are clear. What is the chance that this tumor A - Uterine leiomyoma
is malignant? B - Endometritis
C - Adenocarcinoma of the cervix
A - 5% D - Lymphosarcoma
B - 50% E - Endometrial hyperplasia: A
C - 20%
D - 85%: D The most likely cause of a large uterine mass in an intact female potbellied pig is
a uterine leiomyoma. These tumors do not typically metastasize so a cure may be
70-90% of all feline mammary tumors are malignant. Spaying a cat before 6 months achieved by surgical removal of the uterus.
of age reduces the risk for mammary tumors by 7 fold. 11. A 10-year old German Shepherd presents to you with the complaint of
licking the anal area and scooting. On examination, you find numerous ulcer-
The statistics for dogs is a 50:50 chance of malignancy for a single mammary mass. ated tracts in the perianal area that are draining purulent fluid. What is the
9. This 25 year old Quarter Horse mare is presented for evaluation in July diagnosis?
in the northern hemisphere. She is diagnosed with pituitary pars intermedia
dysfunction. Which one of the following medications would be most likely to A - Perianal fistula
be beneficial to this mare? B - Clostridial colitis
C - Anal sac abscess
A - Isoxsuprine D - Anal sac impaction: A
B - Glucocorticoids
C - Pentoxifylline The correct answer is perianal fistula. This is seen mainly in older German Shep-
D - Pergolide herds, and licking the anus is a common presenting complaint. The key finding is the
E - Methimazole: D presence of multiple draining tracts in the perianal region that can actually be quite
deep.
Pergolide is the treatment of choice for pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID). 12. Damage to the left recurrent laryngeal nerve is associated with "roaring"
PPID is characterized by degeneration of dopamine producing neurons in the hy- in horses. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch off of which cranial
pothalamus that normally exert an inhibitory action on the pituitary pars intermedia, nerve?
resulting in functional adenomas in the pars intermedia that produce high levels of
adrenocorticotropin hormone. A - Glossopharyngeal (CN 9)
B - Facial (CN 7)
Clinical signs and laboratory findings include hypertrichosis, poor muscle tone, C - Trigeminal (CN 5)
laminitis, hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, and increased susceptibility to in- D - Hypoglossal (CN 12)
fection. Diagnosis is commonly made by documenting increases in plasma adreno- E - Vagus (CN 10): E
corticotropin hormone levels in affected animals.
Damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the Vagus (CN 10)) causes
, NAVLE prep questions NAVLE prep questions
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ylcsb Study online at https://quizlet.com/_8ylcsb
laryngeal hemiplegia - a paralysis of the abductor muscle (dorsal cricoarytenoid
muscle) controlling the glottic cleft in the larynx. Think more of a dropped jaw with trigeminal nerve neuropathy (CN 5-dogs, horses).
15. You see an 8-month old kitten with the effusive form of feline infectious
This allows the vocal fold (usually left side) to evert into the lumen of the larynx, peritonitis and perform euthanasia. The kitten was having severe diarrhea
obstructing airflow, leading to a roaring sound, and most importantly, slowing the around the house when it became ill. The owner has a 2 year old cat at home
horse. and wants to know what this cat's prognosis is since it has been exposed to
13. Oral administration of which of these drugs has been implicated as a cause the sick kitten. Currently this cat is clinically healthy. What do you tell her?
of esophageal strictures in cats?
A - Doxycycline A - You recommend a coronavirus titer to determine it the cat is actively
B - Azithromycin infected
C - Diazepam B - Her other cat may develop symptoms within the next two weeks because
D - Potassium bromide: A FIP is highly contagious
C - Feline infectious peritonitis is not contagious and because her other cat
The correct answer is doxycycline. There is also evidence that clindamycin can died of FIP does not mean this cat will succumb to the disease
cause stricture formation. For this reason, it is recommended that after pilling a cat D - Place the cat on L-lysine to prevent or suppress any infection with FIP
with doxycycline, it is followed with a small volume (5-10 mls) of water. E - Perform a PCR on the cat's feces to see if the virus is being shed: C
14. A 5 year old female spayed Cocker Spaniel is presented with a strange
expression. Her right ear and lip appear to droop. There is ptosis O.D. (right Feline infectious peritonitis is not a contagious disease. It is a disease that is caused
eye) and the dog is drooling on the exam table. What anatomic structure is by a mutation of feline enteric coronavirus. It is unknown why in some patients this
damaged? virus mutates and causes the FIP syndrome. It is most likely to occur in young or
immunocompromised cats. Her other cat is not necessarily going to get FIP just from
A - Right side inner ear exposure. In fact, the majority of the cat population has been exposed to the feline
B - Left side inner ear enteric coronavirus.
C - Trigeminal nerve
D - Facial nerve Because most cats in the general population have been exposed, it makes interpre-
E - Left side medulla, motor tract: D tation of coronavirus titers difficult. The titers can be elevated due to prior exposure
and not from FIP. The titers can only be interpreted in lieu of clinical signs, blood
Think of facial nerve paralysis (CN 7) with a unilaterally droopy face. results, etc.
Remember the facial nerve is motor to the muscles of facial expression (explaining L-lysine is an anti-viral medication that may have some benefit for suppression of
the right side drooped ear, lip and eyelid) and innervates the lacrimal and salivary herpes virus but would not be a prevention or treatment choice for coronavirus.
glands. Loss of innervations can lead to a dry eye, and possibly to exposure keratitis
if animal losses ability to close eyelid from damage to facial nerve innervation of the The coronavirus is shed in the cat's feces during active infection with coronavirus.
orbicularis oculi muscle. Idiopathic in 75% of canine cases (25% of cats). Some infected cats do not shed the virus. The virus attacks the intestinal tract
and causes GI upset. PCR on the feces would detect coronavirus, but does not
Can also see these signs with middle ear damage (from otitis media), from facial distinguish between the enteric coronavirus and the mutated FIP form of the virus.
nerve trauma (ear surgery in dogs, or pressure from halter buckles in anesthetized 16. A 10-year old male intact Doberman mix dog is presented with one testicle
horse), or neoplasia. that is grossly enlarged and nonpainful and the other atrophied. What condi-
