FINAL EXAM: NR 507 PATHO,
2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
1. Two factors typically lead to UI urinary incontinence
1. over-contraction of the detrusor muscle. This can cause
overflow of the urinary system, causing the release of urine. With
too much detrusor muscle contraction, the individual has the
need to urinate that results in urge incontinence.
The second factor is when the detrusor muscle relaxes too much.
Too much over relaxation will impede urine flow by keeping urine
in the bladder. This is termed overflow incontinence
1. Another issue that contributes to UI is
2. any of the normal nerve innervations that occur during
micturition that are impeded can cause UI due to weakening of
the detrusor muscle or lead to over-contraction, causing
weakening of the internal and external sphincters List some
transient causes
1. weakness in the internal or external sphincters
2a. Delirium: the individual may be unaware of the need to
urinate
2b. (UTI): A UTI can result in frequency and urgency.
2c. Atrophic vaginitis: this is atrophy of the vaginal walls, bladder
and urethra r/t estrogen deficiency
2d. Drugs:
,anticholinergics-prevent relaxation of bladder,
Anti-Parkinson drugs: alpha-agonist, and antagonist drugs-An
alpha-agonist will cause bladder over-contraction of the bladder
leading to overflow incontinence; an alpha-antagonist will prevent
the bladder from contracting that will lead to stress incontinence.
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors increase the amount and frequency
of urination that results in urge incontinence, Calcium channel
blockers can prevent the internal and external sphincters from
contracting
sedatives and hypnotics may inhibit the individual’s need to
urinate.
What is functional incontinence
Restricted mobility: the individual has the urge to urinate but is
unable to ambulate to the bathroom (functional incontinence)
Stress Incontinence
1. Stress incontinence is urine leakage that is associated with
2. In men, the main cause of stress incontinence is
3. In women, the major cause of stress incontinence is
1. abdominal pressure. Increased abdominal pressure occurs with
coughing or sneezing
2. surgery, usually after a (TURP)
3a. hypermobility of the external sphincter. When this happens
the levitar ani is above the sphincter because the sphincter has
moved downward which allow the urine to leak through the
sphincter with increased and pressure/coughing
3b. sphincter deficiency caused by vaginal atrophy. common in
estrogen-deficiency post-menopausal women.
,Urge Incontinence
1. In urge incontinence (UI), the individual reports a sudden urge
to urinate but
2. The cause is usually due to
3. UI can be differentiated from an overactive bladder. An
overactive bladder is
4. Treatment of this type of UI involves
1. is unsuccessful on attempt to urinate, or urination occurs
rapidly when en-route to the bathroom
2. overactivity or hypersensitivity of the detrusor muscle
3. where the individual has urgency and frequency but may or
may not have urge incontinence
4. bladder training to increase bladder capacity and increase
pelvic muscle tone and avoid spicy foods that increases urinary
frequency
, Overflow Incontinence
1. Overflow incontinence is bladder distention caused by
2. It is related to partial obstruction of the
1. sphincter malfunction that prevents urine from flowing out of
the bladder or a problem with bladder contraction2. bladder neck
(e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia in men and pelvic prolapse in
women). It may also be caused by medications, fecal impaction,
diabetes spinal cord injury or urethral stricture.
Types of Incontinence
Explain Clinical Manifestations & Pathophysiology of each
1. Stress Incontinence
2. Urge Incontinence
3. Neurogenic Incontinence
2025/2026 WITH
CORRECT/ACCURATE ANSWERS
1. Two factors typically lead to UI urinary incontinence
1. over-contraction of the detrusor muscle. This can cause
overflow of the urinary system, causing the release of urine. With
too much detrusor muscle contraction, the individual has the
need to urinate that results in urge incontinence.
The second factor is when the detrusor muscle relaxes too much.
Too much over relaxation will impede urine flow by keeping urine
in the bladder. This is termed overflow incontinence
1. Another issue that contributes to UI is
2. any of the normal nerve innervations that occur during
micturition that are impeded can cause UI due to weakening of
the detrusor muscle or lead to over-contraction, causing
weakening of the internal and external sphincters List some
transient causes
1. weakness in the internal or external sphincters
2a. Delirium: the individual may be unaware of the need to
urinate
2b. (UTI): A UTI can result in frequency and urgency.
2c. Atrophic vaginitis: this is atrophy of the vaginal walls, bladder
and urethra r/t estrogen deficiency
2d. Drugs:
,anticholinergics-prevent relaxation of bladder,
Anti-Parkinson drugs: alpha-agonist, and antagonist drugs-An
alpha-agonist will cause bladder over-contraction of the bladder
leading to overflow incontinence; an alpha-antagonist will prevent
the bladder from contracting that will lead to stress incontinence.
Diuretics and ACE inhibitors increase the amount and frequency
of urination that results in urge incontinence, Calcium channel
blockers can prevent the internal and external sphincters from
contracting
sedatives and hypnotics may inhibit the individual’s need to
urinate.
What is functional incontinence
Restricted mobility: the individual has the urge to urinate but is
unable to ambulate to the bathroom (functional incontinence)
Stress Incontinence
1. Stress incontinence is urine leakage that is associated with
2. In men, the main cause of stress incontinence is
3. In women, the major cause of stress incontinence is
1. abdominal pressure. Increased abdominal pressure occurs with
coughing or sneezing
2. surgery, usually after a (TURP)
3a. hypermobility of the external sphincter. When this happens
the levitar ani is above the sphincter because the sphincter has
moved downward which allow the urine to leak through the
sphincter with increased and pressure/coughing
3b. sphincter deficiency caused by vaginal atrophy. common in
estrogen-deficiency post-menopausal women.
,Urge Incontinence
1. In urge incontinence (UI), the individual reports a sudden urge
to urinate but
2. The cause is usually due to
3. UI can be differentiated from an overactive bladder. An
overactive bladder is
4. Treatment of this type of UI involves
1. is unsuccessful on attempt to urinate, or urination occurs
rapidly when en-route to the bathroom
2. overactivity or hypersensitivity of the detrusor muscle
3. where the individual has urgency and frequency but may or
may not have urge incontinence
4. bladder training to increase bladder capacity and increase
pelvic muscle tone and avoid spicy foods that increases urinary
frequency
, Overflow Incontinence
1. Overflow incontinence is bladder distention caused by
2. It is related to partial obstruction of the
1. sphincter malfunction that prevents urine from flowing out of
the bladder or a problem with bladder contraction2. bladder neck
(e.g. benign prostatic hyperplasia in men and pelvic prolapse in
women). It may also be caused by medications, fecal impaction,
diabetes spinal cord injury or urethral stricture.
Types of Incontinence
Explain Clinical Manifestations & Pathophysiology of each
1. Stress Incontinence
2. Urge Incontinence
3. Neurogenic Incontinence
