NR 507: Advanced Pathophysiology Midterm
study guide
Asthma << correct answer>> Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma << correct answer>> coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) << correct answer>> -airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles << correct answer>> smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi
that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles << correct answer>> innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria << correct answer>> the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria << correct answer>> embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria << correct answer>> white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma << correct answer>>
the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain << correct answer>>
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain << correct answer>> smooth
muscle cells
,what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do << correct answer>> control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation << correct answer>> When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? << correct answer>> the ongoing inflammatory process
of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar << correct answer>> -expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma << correct answer>> tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? << correct answer>> These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma << correct answer>> the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis << correct answer>> inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis << correct answer>> bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion << correct answer>> The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion << correct answer>> cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis << correct answer>> there is hypoxia due
to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
, Right to left shunting << correct answer>> when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis << correct answer>> -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis << correct answer>> -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? << correct answer>> tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) << correct
answer>> - smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? << correct answer>> causes
increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials << correct
answer>> promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? << correct answer>> squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? << correct answer>> increases
inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs? << correct answer>> leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? << correct answer>> respiratory
acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? << correct answer>>
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? << correct answer>> naso and oropharynx (mouth and
nose)
study guide
Asthma << correct answer>> Chronic disease due to bronchoconstriction and an
excessive inflammatory response in the bronchioles
What are 5 s/s of asthma << correct answer>> coughing
wheezing
shortness of breath
rapid breathing
chest tightness
Pathophysiology of asthma (5) << correct answer>> -airway inflammation, bronchial
hyper-reactivity and smooth muscle spasm
-excess mucus production and accumulation
-hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscle
-airflow obstruction
-decreased alveolar ventilation
Bronchioles << correct answer>> smaller passageways that originate from the bronchi
that become the alveoli
3 layers of the bronchioles << correct answer>> innermost layer
middle layer - lamina propria
outermost layer
lamina propria << correct answer>> the middle layer of the bronchioles
structure of the lamina propria << correct answer>> embedded with connective tissue
cells and immune cells
purpose of the lamina propria << correct answer>> white blood cells are present to help
protect the airways
How does the lamina propria effect the lungs in regards to asthma << correct answer>>
the WBCs protective feature goes into overdrive causing an inflammatory response that
damages host tissue
What does the innermost layer of the bronchioles contain << correct answer>>
columnar epithelial ells and mucus producing goblet cells
What does the outermost layer of the bronchioles contain << correct answer>> smooth
muscle cells
,what does the outermost layer of the bronchioles do << correct answer>> control the
airways ability to constrict and dilate
alveolar hyperinflation << correct answer>> When air is unable to move out of the
alveolar like it should due to bronchial walls collapsing around possible mucus plug thus
trapping air inside
how does hyperinflation occur? << correct answer>> the ongoing inflammatory process
of asthma produces mucus and pus plug that the bronchial walls collapse around
Effect of hyperinflation of the alveolar << correct answer>> -expanded thorax and
hypercapnia (retention of CO2)
- respiratory acidosis
What are two anticholinergic drugs used for asthma << correct answer>> tiotropium and
ipratropium
What do anticholinergics do in the lungs? << correct answer>> These drugs block the
effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
- increasing bronchodilation
MOA of anticholinergic drugs for asthma << correct answer>> the parasympathetic
system is stimulated by the vagal nerve to release acetylcholine which binds to the
cholinergic receptors of the respiratory tract to cause bronchial constriction = decreased
airflow
- blocking the cholinergic receptors prevents acetylcholine binding preventing the
bronchial constriction
bronchitis << correct answer>> inflammation of the bronchial tubes
3 characteristics of bronchitis << correct answer>> bronchial inflammation
hypersecretion of mucus
chronic productive cough for at least 3 consecutive months for at least 2 successive
years
Perfusion << correct answer>> The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the
cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries.
results of chronic bronchitis/ low perfusion << correct answer>> cyanosis
right to left shunting
chronic hypoxemia
Why is there cyanosis with chronic bronchitis << correct answer>> there is hypoxia due
to unfavorable conditions for gas exchange
, Right to left shunting << correct answer>> when blood passes from the right ventricle
through the lungs and to the left ventricle without perfusion
Causes of bronchitis << correct answer>> -long term exposure to environmental irritants
-repeated episodes of acute infection (RSV infection in early infancy)
-Factors affecting gestational childhood lung development (preterm birth)
Pathogenesis of bronchitis << correct answer>> -Exposure to airborne irritants
- Irritant activates bronchial smooth muscle constriction and mucus secretion
- Triggers release of inflammatory mediators from immune cells located in the lamina
propria
most common irritant with bronchitis is? << correct answer>> tobacco product smoke
what does long term exposure to irritants promote in bronchitis? (5) << correct
answer>> - smooth muscle hypertrophy
- hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells
- epithelial cell metaplasia
- migration of more WBC to site
- thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membrane
What does smooth muscle hypertrophy do in lungs? << correct answer>> causes
increased bronchoconstriction
Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of goblet cells do what in the bronchials << correct
answer>> promotes hypersecretion of mucus
What are characteristics of epithelial cell metaplasia? << correct answer>> squamous
cells become nonciliated and are less protective; allow passage of toxins and WBCs
What does the migration of WBCs to the bronchials do? << correct answer>> increases
inflammation of the cite and causes fibrosis in the bronchial wall
How does the thickening and rigidity of bronchial basement membranes effect the
lungs? << correct answer>> leads to further narrowing of the bronchial passageways
What acid-base disorder is seen in chronic bronchitis? << correct answer>> respiratory
acidosis
how does chronic bronchitis lead to respiratory acidosis? << correct answer>>
hyperinflation of the alveoli causes CO2 retention
Where does air enter the body? << correct answer>> naso and oropharynx (mouth and
nose)
