Pathophysiology Midterm - Jersey College
Study guide Questions With Correct Answers
Normal Serum Level for Calcium? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-4-5 mEq/L
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone,
lethargy, stupor, with personality changes, anorexia, and nausea.
Polyuria, cardiac contractions increase strength, and dysrhythmias may develop.
Effects on bones vary but there may be a decrease in bone density and spontaneous fractures.
Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Muscle twitching, carpopedal spasm,
hyperactive reflexes.
Chvostek's sign spasm of lip when face is tapped. Trouseau's sign carpopedal spasm when b/p cuff
blocks circulation to the hand. laryngospasm.
Heart contractions become WEAK owing to insufficient calcium for muscle action.
Note- hypocalcemia on skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle differ. Skeletal muscle spasm occur due to
irritability of nerves associated w/ muscle fibers. Where as the weaker contraction of cardiac muscle is
directly related to calcium deficit.
Importance of Calcium - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Provides the structural strength essential for bones
and teeth.
Calcium ions maintain stability of nerve membranes, controlling the permeability and excitability
needed for nerve conduction.
Calcium ions are required for muscle contractions.
Calcium ions are necessary for many metabolic processes and enzyme reactions such as those
involved in blood clotting.
Idiopathic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Cause of the disease is unknown.
Iatrogenic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Treat, or procedure or an error may cause a disease. Negative
effect on the body caused by medication error or drug overdose or unusual response
,inherited - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-derive genetically forms ones parents or ancestors
prodromal - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Period compromises the time in the early development of a
disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are nonspecific for example fatigue,
loss of appetite
Primary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-The goal is to protect healthy people from
developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place. Example- education about nutrition,
proper seatbelt and helmet use, immunizations, regular exams and screening tests
Secondary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Interventions happen after an illness or serious
risk factors have already been diagnosed. goal is to halt or slow progress of disease in its earliest
stages. Example- taking daily, low dose aspirin to prevent a 1st or 2nd stroke. Recommending
exams /screenings for people with known rim factors
Tertiary prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Focuses on helping people manage complicated long term
health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Goal is
preventing further physical deterioration. Example- cardiac , stoke, pain management programs,
patient support groups.
Normal Serum Level for Potassium? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-3.8-5 mEq/L
Signs and symptoms for hypokalemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Cardiac dysrhythmias are serious.
Interferes with neuromuscular function and muscles become less responsive to stimuli. Fatigue
muscle weakness commencing in the legs
Parathesias- such as pins and needles feeling develops.
Polyuria and nocturia. Leg cramps.
Serum ph level elevated - 7.45- alkalosis
Signs and symptom of hyperkalemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Muscle weakness is common,
progressing to paralysis. Impairs neuromuscular activity.
Fatigue, nausea, parathesias, cardiac arrhythmias, oliguria.
,Serum ph level decrease- acidosis- 7.35
First line of defense against infection? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Skin
Signs and Symptoms for CHF - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Forward effects- fatigues, weakness, dyspnea,
exercise, intolerance, cold intolerance.tachycardia and pallor, secondary polycythemia daytime
oliguria.
Back up effects-
Left side chf- orthopnea, cough producing white or pink tinged phlegm. SOB, rales, paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis.
Right side CHF- dependent edema in feet, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly,ascites, distended neck
veins, headache flushed face.
Signs and symptoms of Dehydration - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Dry mucous membranes in the mouth.
Decreased skin turgor.
Lower b/p, weak pulse, feeling of fatigue.
Increased hematocrit, indicating a a higher proportion of red blood cells compared w. water in the
blood
Decreased mental function, confusion, loss of consciousness.
Hypersensitivity - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Allergic reaction to Rx. May be mild or can result in
anaphylaxis. pt should stope taking Rx immediately and notify physician
Idiosyncratic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Reactions are unexpected or unusual response to drugs. For
example, excessive excitement after taking a sedative. These reactions accur in some elderly
individuals, some reactions are used therapeutically; stimulants for ADHD to reduce distraction and
increase concentration.
Teratogenic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Harmful effects on the fetus, leading to developmental effects
have been associated with some drugs. Best that pregnant woman avoids all drugs
, interactions - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Occur when a drugs effect is modified by combining it with other
drugs, food, herbal compounds or other material. Interactions commonly occur with nonprescription
drugs such as aspirin, antacids, or herbal compounds.
Advantages and Disadvantages for routes of administration for Rx? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Oral-
Advantage- tablets stable, cost varies, safe. Disadv.- taste and swallowing problems; gastric irritation,
uncertain absorption.
Sublingual- Adv- convenient, rapid action. Disadv.- tablets soft and unstable.
Subcutaneous- Adv- Simplest injection, only small doses can be given. Disadv.- Requires aseptic and
equipment. Can be irritating.
Intramuscular- Adv.- use when pt is unconscious or nauseated. Rapid, prolonged effect. Disadv.-
requires aseptic and equipment. Short self life.
Advantages and disadvantages for routes of Administration for Rx? Continued - VERIFIED
ANSWER✔✔-Intravenous- Advantage- Immediate effect, predictable drug level. Use when pt is
unconscious. Disadvan.- Costly, skill required. No recovery of drug. Irritation to site.
Inhalation- Advantage- local effect or absorb into alveolar capillaries. Rapid effect. Good for
anesthesia. Disadvan.- requires effective technique.
Topical- Advantage- easy to apply. Few systemic effects. Useful local anesthetic. Disadvan.- can be
messy. Sometimes difficult application.
Inraperitoneal pump- advantage- immediate onset. Disadvantage- costly and may become infected.
Over the counter drugs - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Drugs available w/out prescription. These are
considered safe for open sale. Make sure when getting medication history you ask pt about OTC
drugs. To prevent possible complications it is recommended that a health care professional AVOID
giving pt any OTC drugs unless physician says to.
Lab values you will see with infection? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Elevated leukocytes or leukocytosis
(norm- 4500-10500/mm3) for bacterial infection. For viral infection it will cause leukopenia (decrease
in leukocytes). Neutrophils tend to increase with acute infections (norm 2000-7500 /mm3). But
lymphocytes (norm 2000- 4000/mm3) and monotypes ( norm- 500- 1000 mm3) increase with chronic
infection.
Study guide Questions With Correct Answers
Normal Serum Level for Calcium? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-4-5 mEq/L
Signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Muscle weakness, loss of muscle tone,
lethargy, stupor, with personality changes, anorexia, and nausea.
Polyuria, cardiac contractions increase strength, and dysrhythmias may develop.
Effects on bones vary but there may be a decrease in bone density and spontaneous fractures.
Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Muscle twitching, carpopedal spasm,
hyperactive reflexes.
Chvostek's sign spasm of lip when face is tapped. Trouseau's sign carpopedal spasm when b/p cuff
blocks circulation to the hand. laryngospasm.
Heart contractions become WEAK owing to insufficient calcium for muscle action.
Note- hypocalcemia on skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle differ. Skeletal muscle spasm occur due to
irritability of nerves associated w/ muscle fibers. Where as the weaker contraction of cardiac muscle is
directly related to calcium deficit.
Importance of Calcium - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Provides the structural strength essential for bones
and teeth.
Calcium ions maintain stability of nerve membranes, controlling the permeability and excitability
needed for nerve conduction.
Calcium ions are required for muscle contractions.
Calcium ions are necessary for many metabolic processes and enzyme reactions such as those
involved in blood clotting.
Idiopathic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Cause of the disease is unknown.
Iatrogenic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Treat, or procedure or an error may cause a disease. Negative
effect on the body caused by medication error or drug overdose or unusual response
,inherited - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-derive genetically forms ones parents or ancestors
prodromal - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Period compromises the time in the early development of a
disease when one is aware of a change in the body but the signs are nonspecific for example fatigue,
loss of appetite
Primary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-The goal is to protect healthy people from
developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place. Example- education about nutrition,
proper seatbelt and helmet use, immunizations, regular exams and screening tests
Secondary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Interventions happen after an illness or serious
risk factors have already been diagnosed. goal is to halt or slow progress of disease in its earliest
stages. Example- taking daily, low dose aspirin to prevent a 1st or 2nd stroke. Recommending
exams /screenings for people with known rim factors
Tertiary prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Focuses on helping people manage complicated long term
health problems such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and chronic musculoskeletal pain. Goal is
preventing further physical deterioration. Example- cardiac , stoke, pain management programs,
patient support groups.
Normal Serum Level for Potassium? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-3.8-5 mEq/L
Signs and symptoms for hypokalemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Cardiac dysrhythmias are serious.
Interferes with neuromuscular function and muscles become less responsive to stimuli. Fatigue
muscle weakness commencing in the legs
Parathesias- such as pins and needles feeling develops.
Polyuria and nocturia. Leg cramps.
Serum ph level elevated - 7.45- alkalosis
Signs and symptom of hyperkalemia - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Muscle weakness is common,
progressing to paralysis. Impairs neuromuscular activity.
Fatigue, nausea, parathesias, cardiac arrhythmias, oliguria.
,Serum ph level decrease- acidosis- 7.35
First line of defense against infection? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Skin
Signs and Symptoms for CHF - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Forward effects- fatigues, weakness, dyspnea,
exercise, intolerance, cold intolerance.tachycardia and pallor, secondary polycythemia daytime
oliguria.
Back up effects-
Left side chf- orthopnea, cough producing white or pink tinged phlegm. SOB, rales, paroxysmal
nocturnal dyspnea, hemoptysis.
Right side CHF- dependent edema in feet, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly,ascites, distended neck
veins, headache flushed face.
Signs and symptoms of Dehydration - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Dry mucous membranes in the mouth.
Decreased skin turgor.
Lower b/p, weak pulse, feeling of fatigue.
Increased hematocrit, indicating a a higher proportion of red blood cells compared w. water in the
blood
Decreased mental function, confusion, loss of consciousness.
Hypersensitivity - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Allergic reaction to Rx. May be mild or can result in
anaphylaxis. pt should stope taking Rx immediately and notify physician
Idiosyncratic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Reactions are unexpected or unusual response to drugs. For
example, excessive excitement after taking a sedative. These reactions accur in some elderly
individuals, some reactions are used therapeutically; stimulants for ADHD to reduce distraction and
increase concentration.
Teratogenic - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Harmful effects on the fetus, leading to developmental effects
have been associated with some drugs. Best that pregnant woman avoids all drugs
, interactions - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Occur when a drugs effect is modified by combining it with other
drugs, food, herbal compounds or other material. Interactions commonly occur with nonprescription
drugs such as aspirin, antacids, or herbal compounds.
Advantages and Disadvantages for routes of administration for Rx? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Oral-
Advantage- tablets stable, cost varies, safe. Disadv.- taste and swallowing problems; gastric irritation,
uncertain absorption.
Sublingual- Adv- convenient, rapid action. Disadv.- tablets soft and unstable.
Subcutaneous- Adv- Simplest injection, only small doses can be given. Disadv.- Requires aseptic and
equipment. Can be irritating.
Intramuscular- Adv.- use when pt is unconscious or nauseated. Rapid, prolonged effect. Disadv.-
requires aseptic and equipment. Short self life.
Advantages and disadvantages for routes of Administration for Rx? Continued - VERIFIED
ANSWER✔✔-Intravenous- Advantage- Immediate effect, predictable drug level. Use when pt is
unconscious. Disadvan.- Costly, skill required. No recovery of drug. Irritation to site.
Inhalation- Advantage- local effect or absorb into alveolar capillaries. Rapid effect. Good for
anesthesia. Disadvan.- requires effective technique.
Topical- Advantage- easy to apply. Few systemic effects. Useful local anesthetic. Disadvan.- can be
messy. Sometimes difficult application.
Inraperitoneal pump- advantage- immediate onset. Disadvantage- costly and may become infected.
Over the counter drugs - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Drugs available w/out prescription. These are
considered safe for open sale. Make sure when getting medication history you ask pt about OTC
drugs. To prevent possible complications it is recommended that a health care professional AVOID
giving pt any OTC drugs unless physician says to.
Lab values you will see with infection? - VERIFIED ANSWER✔✔-Elevated leukocytes or leukocytosis
(norm- 4500-10500/mm3) for bacterial infection. For viral infection it will cause leukopenia (decrease
in leukocytes). Neutrophils tend to increase with acute infections (norm 2000-7500 /mm3). But
lymphocytes (norm 2000- 4000/mm3) and monotypes ( norm- 500- 1000 mm3) increase with chronic
infection.
