Pathophysiology Midterm - Jersey College
Study guide questions with complete
solutions
Pathophysiology - VERIFIED ANSWER-the study of functional or pathologic changes in the body that
result from disease processes
Pathology - VERIFIED ANSWER-the laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease.
Steps for better health - VERIFIED ANSWER-Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke, Eat 5-10
servings of vegetables and fruit a day, Be physically active on a regular basis, Protect yourself and your
family from the sun, Follow cancer screening guidelines, Visit your doctor or dentist is you notice any
change in your normal state of health, and Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work
Primary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER-Protect healthy people from developing a disease or
experiencing an injury in the first place
Secondary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER-Happens after an illness or serious risk factors have
already been diagnosed.
Tertiary level of protection - VERIFIED ANSWER-Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-
term health problems
Biopsy - VERIFIED ANSWER-Examination of living tissue
Prognosis - VERIFIED ANSWER-The probability of specific outcomes
Etiology - VERIFIED ANSWER-study of the cause of disease
Epidemiology - VERIFIED ANSWER-The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
,Latent Stage - VERIFIED ANSWER-"silent stage" No clinical signs are evident, characterizes some
diseases
Acute Stage - VERIFIED ANSWER-Short-term that develops quickly with marked signs
Chronic Stage - VERIFIED ANSWER-Often milder developing gradually
Morbidity - VERIFIED ANSWER-The disease rates within a group
Mortality - VERIFIED ANSWER-Indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular
disease
Symptoms - VERIFIED ANSWER-Subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea
Precipitating Factor - VERIFIED ANSWER-condition that triggers an acute episode (seizure)
Remission - VERIFIED ANSWER-mark the course or progress of a disease; manifestations subside
Complication - VERIFIED ANSWER-new, secondary or additional problems that arise after the original
disease begin
Apoptosis - VERIFIED ANSWER-Cell death
Atrophy - VERIFIED ANSWER-Decrease in the size of cells
Anaplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER-cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures
What is gangrene? - VERIFIED ANSWER-An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria.
,Why does gangrene smell? - VERIFIED ANSWER-May cause a buildup of gases with tissue and further
reduce blood supply
Hypertrophy - VERIFIED ANSWER-Increase in the size of individual cells
Dysplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER-cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present
Signs & Symptoms of dehydration - VERIFIED ANSWER-Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin
turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
Serum Sodium Level: - VERIFIED ANSWER-135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia (low Na+ <1345 mEq/L ) - VERIFIED ANSWER--s/s:Anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue,
lethargy, muscle weakness, headache, confusion, seizures, decreased BP
Hypernatremia (high Na+ >145 mEq/L ) - VERIFIED ANSWER--an excessive Na+ level in the blood &
extracellular fluids
-s/s:Thirst, tongue/mucosa are dry & sticky, weakness, lethargy, agitation, edema, elevated BP
potassium level (K+) - VERIFIED ANSWER-3.5-5.5
Hypokalemia (low K+ <3.5 mEq/L) - VERIFIED ANSWER-Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, anorexia,
nausea, constipation, fatigue, muscle twitch, weakness, leg cramps, shallow respirations,
paresthesias, postural hypotension, polyuria, nocturia, Serum pH elevated (alkalosis)
Hyperkalemia (high K+ >5 mEq/L) - VERIFIED ANSWER-Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea,
muscle weakness, paralysis beginning in legs, parathesias (finger, toes, face, tongue) oliguria, Serum
pH decreased (acidosis)
Hypocalcemia (low Ca++ <2.2 mmol/L) - VERIFIED ANSWER-Tetany (involuntary skeletal muscle spasm,
carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm), tingling fingers, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak
hear contractions
, Normal Serum pH - VERIFIED ANSWER-7.35-7.45
COPD: Acidosis or Alkalosis? - VERIFIED ANSWER-Respiratory Acidosis
Therapeutic - VERIFIED ANSWER-desired action by stimulating or inhibiting cell function
Idiosyncratic - VERIFIED ANSWER-Paradoxic; Unexpected or unusual responses to drugs
Pain is what? - VERIFIED ANSWER-Subjective, unpleasant sensation, feeling of discomfort resulting
from stimulation of pain receptors
Referred pain with common examples - VERIFIED ANSWER-Pain is perceived at a site distant from the
source; pain in the left neck and arm for heart attack or ischemia of the heart; Pain in the shoulder
due to stretching of the diaphragm
Phantom pain - VERIFIED ANSWER-Pain or another sensation such as itching or tingling after
amputation
Central Pain - VERIFIED ANSWER-pain that is caused by dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal
cord. Ex: abscess, infarction, hemorrhage, tumor, or damage
Ischemic Pain - VERIFIED ANSWER-profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissues in a
specific area of the body. Ex: aching, burning or prickling to a shooting pain
What causes inflammation - VERIFIED ANSWER-Direct physical damage, caustic chemicals, ischemia or
infarction, allergic reactions, extremes of heat or cold, foreign bodies
What does Erythrosedimentation (ESR) tell us? - VERIFIED ANSWER-The rate at which RBC's settle out
of a blood specimen (containing anticoagulant); an elevation in ESR is a general characteristic of
inflammation.
Study guide questions with complete
solutions
Pathophysiology - VERIFIED ANSWER-the study of functional or pathologic changes in the body that
result from disease processes
Pathology - VERIFIED ANSWER-the laboratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease.
Steps for better health - VERIFIED ANSWER-Be a nonsmoker and avoid second-hand smoke, Eat 5-10
servings of vegetables and fruit a day, Be physically active on a regular basis, Protect yourself and your
family from the sun, Follow cancer screening guidelines, Visit your doctor or dentist is you notice any
change in your normal state of health, and Follow health and safety instructions at home and at work
Primary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER-Protect healthy people from developing a disease or
experiencing an injury in the first place
Secondary level of prevention - VERIFIED ANSWER-Happens after an illness or serious risk factors have
already been diagnosed.
Tertiary level of protection - VERIFIED ANSWER-Focuses on helping people manage complicated, long-
term health problems
Biopsy - VERIFIED ANSWER-Examination of living tissue
Prognosis - VERIFIED ANSWER-The probability of specific outcomes
Etiology - VERIFIED ANSWER-study of the cause of disease
Epidemiology - VERIFIED ANSWER-The science of tracking the pattern or occurrence of disease
,Latent Stage - VERIFIED ANSWER-"silent stage" No clinical signs are evident, characterizes some
diseases
Acute Stage - VERIFIED ANSWER-Short-term that develops quickly with marked signs
Chronic Stage - VERIFIED ANSWER-Often milder developing gradually
Morbidity - VERIFIED ANSWER-The disease rates within a group
Mortality - VERIFIED ANSWER-Indicate the relative number of deaths resulting from a particular
disease
Symptoms - VERIFIED ANSWER-Subjective feelings, such as pain or nausea
Precipitating Factor - VERIFIED ANSWER-condition that triggers an acute episode (seizure)
Remission - VERIFIED ANSWER-mark the course or progress of a disease; manifestations subside
Complication - VERIFIED ANSWER-new, secondary or additional problems that arise after the original
disease begin
Apoptosis - VERIFIED ANSWER-Cell death
Atrophy - VERIFIED ANSWER-Decrease in the size of cells
Anaplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER-cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear and cell structures
What is gangrene? - VERIFIED ANSWER-An area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria.
,Why does gangrene smell? - VERIFIED ANSWER-May cause a buildup of gases with tissue and further
reduce blood supply
Hypertrophy - VERIFIED ANSWER-Increase in the size of individual cells
Dysplasia - VERIFIED ANSWER-cells vary in size and shape, large nuclei are frequently present
Signs & Symptoms of dehydration - VERIFIED ANSWER-Dry mucous membranes, decreased skin
turgor, Low BP, Low pulse, fatigue, Increased HCT, decreased mental function, confusion, and loss of
consciousness
Serum Sodium Level: - VERIFIED ANSWER-135-145 mEq/L
Hyponatremia (low Na+ <1345 mEq/L ) - VERIFIED ANSWER--s/s:Anorexia, nausea, cramps, fatigue,
lethargy, muscle weakness, headache, confusion, seizures, decreased BP
Hypernatremia (high Na+ >145 mEq/L ) - VERIFIED ANSWER--an excessive Na+ level in the blood &
extracellular fluids
-s/s:Thirst, tongue/mucosa are dry & sticky, weakness, lethargy, agitation, edema, elevated BP
potassium level (K+) - VERIFIED ANSWER-3.5-5.5
Hypokalemia (low K+ <3.5 mEq/L) - VERIFIED ANSWER-Cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, anorexia,
nausea, constipation, fatigue, muscle twitch, weakness, leg cramps, shallow respirations,
paresthesias, postural hypotension, polyuria, nocturia, Serum pH elevated (alkalosis)
Hyperkalemia (high K+ >5 mEq/L) - VERIFIED ANSWER-Arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, nausea, diarrhea,
muscle weakness, paralysis beginning in legs, parathesias (finger, toes, face, tongue) oliguria, Serum
pH decreased (acidosis)
Hypocalcemia (low Ca++ <2.2 mmol/L) - VERIFIED ANSWER-Tetany (involuntary skeletal muscle spasm,
carpopedal spasm, laryngospasm), tingling fingers, mental confusion, irritability, arrhythmias, weak
hear contractions
, Normal Serum pH - VERIFIED ANSWER-7.35-7.45
COPD: Acidosis or Alkalosis? - VERIFIED ANSWER-Respiratory Acidosis
Therapeutic - VERIFIED ANSWER-desired action by stimulating or inhibiting cell function
Idiosyncratic - VERIFIED ANSWER-Paradoxic; Unexpected or unusual responses to drugs
Pain is what? - VERIFIED ANSWER-Subjective, unpleasant sensation, feeling of discomfort resulting
from stimulation of pain receptors
Referred pain with common examples - VERIFIED ANSWER-Pain is perceived at a site distant from the
source; pain in the left neck and arm for heart attack or ischemia of the heart; Pain in the shoulder
due to stretching of the diaphragm
Phantom pain - VERIFIED ANSWER-Pain or another sensation such as itching or tingling after
amputation
Central Pain - VERIFIED ANSWER-pain that is caused by dysfunction or damage to the brain or spinal
cord. Ex: abscess, infarction, hemorrhage, tumor, or damage
Ischemic Pain - VERIFIED ANSWER-profound, sudden loss of blood flow to an organ or tissues in a
specific area of the body. Ex: aching, burning or prickling to a shooting pain
What causes inflammation - VERIFIED ANSWER-Direct physical damage, caustic chemicals, ischemia or
infarction, allergic reactions, extremes of heat or cold, foreign bodies
What does Erythrosedimentation (ESR) tell us? - VERIFIED ANSWER-The rate at which RBC's settle out
of a blood specimen (containing anticoagulant); an elevation in ESR is a general characteristic of
inflammation.
