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Notes for passing English

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Summarized notes on English grammar with examples and concise explanations to achieve an easy understanding of the language.

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Apuntes de Ingles
(Grammar)




Nerea Cañadas

,ACTION AND NON ACTION VERBS
ACTION VERBS
Se utilizan tanto en el Present Simple como en el Present Continuos.

* Ejemplos: read, write, cook, drive, make, do, create, listen, watch…


NON-ACTION VERBS
Se utilizan para describir estados (states), sentidos (senses), deseos (desires), posesión (posesión),
emociones (emotions) y opiniones (opinions).

Generalmente no se utilizan en el Present Continuos.

* Ejemplos: agree, be believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, prefer,
realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose, want… / look, smell, taste and sound (senses)



* HAVE: Action (Present Simple) / Possession (Present Simple)

* THINK: Action (Present Simple) / Opinion (Present Simple)



USED TO AND WOULD VERBS (=)

USED TO
Indica algo que ocurría en el pasado de manera habitual. “Estados” (Solía comprar)
(PAST HABITS AND STATES)

* Estructura *USUALLY: Se utiliza en Present Habits. (PRESENT SIMPLE)
(Suelo comprar)
(+) Suj. + used to + verbo inf
 We don’t usually play on Sunday.
 I used to work.
*USED TO: used to + infinitive (PASADO)
(-) Suj. + didn´t use to + verbo inf.
 I used to run 2km. (solia) (PAST)
 I didn´t use to work.

(?) Did + suj. + use to + verbo inf.? *BE + USED TO: be + used to + ing (PRESENTE)

 Did you use to work? (Cosas que estás acostumbrado a hacer o nuevas situaciones
que son ahora familiares o menos extrañas)
 I am used to running 5km. (estoy acostumbrado) (habito que
ya existe)
 I was used to running 5km. (estube acostumbrado)

*GET + USED TO: get + used to + ing. (FUTURO)
(Nuevas situaciones que se están convirtiendo en familiares o
menos extrañas)
 I get used to running 10 km. (me estoy acostumbrando))
 I got used to running 10km. (tuve que acostumbrarme)

,WOULD
Indica acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado de forma repetitiva. “Acciones o Verbos de movimiento”

* Palabras clave  play, sing, go, work… WOULD RATHER = WOULD PREFER
-Utilizar en infinitivo sin to
* Estructura
-Preferencias del presente/futuro
(+) Suj. + would + verbo inf.  I would like play tennis. (I’d rather go on holiday in July than August)

(-) Suj. + wouldn´t + verbo inf.  I wouldn´t like play tennis. WOULD RATHER + PERSON + PAST TENSE = WOULD
PREFER IF IT
(?) Would + suj. + verbo inf.?  Would you like play tennis?
-What we would like to another person to do
(I’d rather you don’t smoke in here, if you don’t mind)


PRESENT TENSES

PRESENT SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones que suceden habitualmente y que generalmente son ciertas. (Compro)

* Palabras clave  always, sometimes, usually, often, every, never, rarely…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + verbo inf.  I talk. - He/ She/ It + verbo inf (S / ES)  She likes.

(-) Suj. + don´t / doesn´t + verbo inf.  I don´t talk.

(?) Do/ Does + suj. + verbo inf.?  Do you talk?


PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Acciones o situaciones que están sucediendo en este momento o cosas puntuales. (Estoy comprando)

* Palabras clave  now, today, at the moment, currently…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + To be (am/ is/ are) + verbo ing  I am talking.

(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + verbo ing  I am not talking.

(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + verbo ing?  Are you talking?


PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones que han pasado en el pasado o hace poco tiempo, que han tenido lugar una o varias
veces y que son temporales. Además, se aporta nueva información. Es decir, cuantas veces se ha hecho algo
o durante cuánto tiempo. (He comprado)
* Palabras clave  for, since, just, yet, already, so far this year…
*Non-action verbs: agree, be, believe… AUXILIARY VERBS
-Do/Does/Did
-Have/Has/Had
- Be (am, is,are, was, were)

,* Estructura

(+) Suj. + have/ has + verbo (ED / 3ºC)  I have talked to Peter.

(-) Suj. + haven´t/ hasn´t + verbo (ED / 3ºC)  I haven´t talked to Peter.

(?) Have/ Has + suj. + verbo (ED / 3ºC)?  Have you talked to Peter?



*HOW LONG + PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: Se utiliza para hablar de un periodo de tiempo que no ha
finalizado.
Respuesta: For / Since


PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Acciones o situaciones que suceden en un periodo de tiempo inespecífico entre el pasado y el presente, son
repetitivas y permanentes. (He estado comprando)

Pasado  Hecho finalizado. / Presente  Hecho sin terminar.

*Palabras clave: recently, lately, for, since, all day, all morning, all week…

* All  No usar for en las oraciones con all.  I’ve been here all day / for all day.

*No se utiliza este tiempo verbal con always, already y yet.
*Action verbs: learn, work, go…
* Estructura

(+) Suj. + have / has + been + verbo ing  She has been living.

(-) Suj. + haven´t / hasn´t + been + verbo ing  We haven´t been living.

(?) Have/ Has + suj. + been + verbo ing?  Have we been living?



PAST TENSES

PAST SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones concretas que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado y se repiten habitualmente.
Además, se especifica cuando ocurrieron. (Compré)

* Palabras clave  last week, yesterday, last night, ago… (when)

* Estructura *work / stay  worked / stayed

(+) Suj. + verbo (ED/ 2ºC)  He really liked it. (Se añade -ED al final del verbo)
*like  liked
(-) Suj. + didn´t + verbo inf.  I didn´t enjoy the film.
REGULAR VERBS




(Cuando el verbo acaba en la vocal “e” se añade
(?) Did + suj. + verbo inf.?  Did he go to university? -D al final del verbo)
*study  studied
*stop  stopped
(Cuando el verbo acaba en consonante-vocal-
consonante, se duplica la última consonante)

,PAST CONTINUOUS
Acciones o situaciones concretas que comenzaron en el pasado pero que todavía no han concluido. Además,
son interrumpidas por otra acción o situación. (Estaba comprando)

* Palabras clave  before, afternoon, at the time… (while)

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + was/ were + verbo ing  A woman was watching her son.

(-) Suj. + wasn´t/ weren´t + verbo ing  I wasn´t cooking at the people.

(?) Was/ Were + suj. + verbo ing?  Was she helping you?


PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones que han sucedido antes que otras en el pasado. No se especifica cuando ocurrieron y
también se utiliza para dar noticias que han ocurrido en el pasado. (Había comprado)

* Palabras clave  for, since, just, yet, already…

*Non-action verbs: agree, be, believe…
* Estructura

(+) Suj. + had + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)  I had finished.

(-) Suj. + hadn´t + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)  I hadn´t forgotten.

(?) Had + suj. + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)?  Had they left?


PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Acciones o situaciones en proceso de realización en el pasado antes que otra acción o suceso. (Había estado
comprando)

*Action verbs: learn, work, go…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + had been + verbo ing  Ana had been working in the restaurant.

(-) Suj. + hadn´t been + verbo ing  I hadn´t been studying Spanish.

(?) Had + suj. + been + verbo ing?  Had they been traveling for the USA?



*PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS OR PAST SIMPLE
- Present Perfect Continuous: Se utiliza para hablar de experiencias sobre nuestra vida, pero no decimos
exactamente cuando pasaron. Es decir, es una acción que comenzó en el pasado y continúa en el presente.
En las frases afirmativas se puede utilizar la expresión de tiempo never (nunca) y en las frases afirmativas
ever (alguna vez).
- Past Simple: Se utiliza para expresar una acción que ocurrió en un periodo de tiempo o momento concreto
en el pasado y que ha finalizado. Además, se aportan más detalles (when, what, where, who, why…)

, FUTURE TENSES

WILL
o Hechos que no se pueden cambiar. o Predicciones de futuro basadas en
o Decisiones espontaneas tomadas en el momento experiencias u opiniones.
en el que se habla. o Promesas.

* Palabras clave  I think, I hope, I believe…

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + will + verbo inf.  They will eat.

(-) Suj. + won´t + verbo inf.  They won´t eat. SHALL: Ofrecimientos y sugerencias. (I /We) 
Shall I start piano lessons?
(?) Will + suj. + verbo inf.?  Will they eat?


BE GOING TO
o Decisiones planeadas, intenciones y planes personales.
o Futuro con evidencia presente.  The sky is cloudy, it is going to rain.
o Algo que está por ocurrir.

* Estructura

(+) Suj. + To be (am/ is/ are) + going to + verbo inf.  They are going to eat.

(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + going to + verbo inf.  They aren’t going to eat.

(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + going to + verbo inf.?  Are they going to eat?

*Future in the past (was/ were going to): Se utiliza para describir planes fallidos.


PRESENT SIMPLE
o Citas personales con horas, fechas… concretas. o Algo ya fijado, no es solo una intención.
(Horarios)
* Estructura

(+) Suj. + verbo inf.  The plane leaves in ten minutes.

(-) Suj. + don´t/ doesn´t + verbo inf.  The plane doesn´t leaves in ten minutes.

(?) Do/ Does + suj. + verbo inf.?  Does the plane leaves in ten minutes?

Connected book
 image
Malcolm Mann, Steve Taylore-Knowles Destination C1 & C2
Publisher: 2008 ISBN: 9780230035416 Edition: Unknown

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January 27, 2025
Number of pages
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