Finall Exam:l NRl 572/l NR572l (Newl 2025/l
2026l Update)l Advancedl Acutel Carel
Managementl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
Meningitisl definition
Answer:
Inflammationl ofl thel meningesl thatl canl occurl tol al varietyl ofl causesl includingl certainl
drugs,l bacteria,l viruses,l fungi,l orl parasites
QUESTION
Bacteriall pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
Answer:
-Streptococcusl pneumoniael (mostl common)
-Neisserial meningitidisl
-Haemophilusl influenzael
-Listerial monocytogenes
QUESTION
Virall pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
Answer:
-Coxsackiel virusl A/B
-Herpesl simplel virus
-Epstein-Barrl virus
-Varicella-zosterl virus
-cytomegalovirus
-Measles,l mumps,l rubella
-Westl Nilel virus
-Easternl equinel encephalitisl virus
-Rabies
-St.l Louisl encephalitisl virus
QUESTION
Fungall pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
,Answer:
-Candida
-Aspergillus
-Cryptococcus
-Histoplasma
QUESTION
Parasiticl pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
Answer:
-Strongyloidiasis
-Balamuthia
QUESTION
Nonl infectiousl causesl ofl meningitis
Answer:
-malignancyl (mets)
-NSAIDsl (
QUESTION
Kernig'sl sign
Answer:
Elicitedl withl thel patientl inl thel supinel position.l Thel thighl isl flexedl onl thel abdomen,l
withl thel kneel flexed;l attemptsl tol passivelyl extendl thel knee,l illicitl painl whenl meningeall
irritationl isl present.
QUESTION
howl tol performl Kernig'sl test
Answer:
Havel thel patientl liel flatl onl theirl back,l flexl theirl hipsl andl kneesl tol 90°,l andl thenl
slowlyl extendl onel kneel atl al time.
Al positivel signl isl pain,l resistance,l orl inabilityl tol extendl thel kneel pastl 135°l .
QUESTION
Riskl factorsl forl meningitis
Answer:
-livingl inl al communityl setting:l dormitory,l militaryl base,l children,l boardingl schools,l andl
childcarel facilitiesl =l higherl riskl ofl meningococcall meningitisl duel tol easel ofl
meningococcall spreadl throughl respiratoryl routel rapidlyl spreadl inl largel groups
,-Pregnancy:l increasedl riskl ofl listeriosisl causedl byl listerial bacteria
-Age:l <l 5l viral;l <l 20l bacterial
-Compromisedl immunel system:l immunocompromisedl orl unvaccinated
QUESTION
Brudzinski'sl sign
Answer:
Elicitedl withl thel patientl inl thel supinel positionl andl isl positivel whenl passivel flexionl ofl
thel neckl resultsl inl spontaneousl flexionl ofl thel hipsl andl knees.
QUESTION
Classicl triadl symptomsl ofl meningitis
Answer:
-l Headache
-l Nuchall rigidity
-l Fever
Also:l photophobia,l nausea,l vomiting
QUESTION
nuchall rigidity
Answer:
"Stiffl neck"
Thel pathognomonicl signl ofl meningeall irritationl andl isl presentl whenl thel neckl resistsl
passivel flexion.
QUESTION
Generall symptomsl ofl meningitis
Answer:
-photophobia
-phonophobia
-severel headache
-nuchall rigidity
-Nausea/vomiting
-Coldl handsl andl feet
-Redl orl purplel rash
QUESTION
Physicall examl findingsl ofl meningitis
Answer:
, -diffusel erythematousl maculopapularl rashl thatl rapidlyl transformsl intol petechiael (typicallyl
seenl inl peoplel withl meningococcall meningitis)
-AMSl (drowsinessl tol coma)
-Seizures
-positivel Kernigl sign
-positivel Brudzinskil sign
-Signsl ofl increasedl ICPl (papilledema,l decreasedl LOC,l decerebratel posture,l sixthl nervel
palsies)
QUESTION
Sixthl nervel palsy
Answer:
unablel tol directl eyesl laterally
QUESTION
DDxl forl acutel meningitis
Answer:
-Rockyl Mountainl spottedl fever
-HSVl encephalitis
-Brainl abscess
-SAH
-Bechetl syndrome
QUESTION
Diagnosis:l Whenl tol getl LPl forl suspectedl meningitis
Answer:
Ifl bacterial,l meningitisl suspected,Bloodl cxl obtainedl immediatelyl andl empiricall antibioticl
andl adjunct,l dexamethasonel initiatedl withoutl delay.l Diagnosisl madel throughl examinationl
ofl CSF.
Inl absencel ofl immunocompromisedl state,l hxl ofl recentl headl trauma,l withl normall LOC,l
nol evidencel ofl papilledemal orl focall deficit-l safel tol performl LPl withoutl priorl
neuroimagingl studies.l
Ifl LPl isl delayedl inl orderl tol obtainl neurall imagingl studies,l empiricall antibioticl therapyl
shouldl bel initiatedl afterl bloodl culturesl arel obtained.
QUESTION
Classicl CSFl findingsl bacteriall meningitis
Answer:
•Openingl pressurel >180l mmH20
•WBCl 10-10,000;l neutrophill predominate
2026l Update)l Advancedl Acutel Carel
Managementl Guide|l Questionsl &l
Answers|l Gradel A|l 100%l Correctl
(Verifiedl Solutions)-l Chamberlain
QUESTION
Meningitisl definition
Answer:
Inflammationl ofl thel meningesl thatl canl occurl tol al varietyl ofl causesl includingl certainl
drugs,l bacteria,l viruses,l fungi,l orl parasites
QUESTION
Bacteriall pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
Answer:
-Streptococcusl pneumoniael (mostl common)
-Neisserial meningitidisl
-Haemophilusl influenzael
-Listerial monocytogenes
QUESTION
Virall pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
Answer:
-Coxsackiel virusl A/B
-Herpesl simplel virus
-Epstein-Barrl virus
-Varicella-zosterl virus
-cytomegalovirus
-Measles,l mumps,l rubella
-Westl Nilel virus
-Easternl equinel encephalitisl virus
-Rabies
-St.l Louisl encephalitisl virus
QUESTION
Fungall pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
,Answer:
-Candida
-Aspergillus
-Cryptococcus
-Histoplasma
QUESTION
Parasiticl pathogensl commonl tol meningitis
Answer:
-Strongyloidiasis
-Balamuthia
QUESTION
Nonl infectiousl causesl ofl meningitis
Answer:
-malignancyl (mets)
-NSAIDsl (
QUESTION
Kernig'sl sign
Answer:
Elicitedl withl thel patientl inl thel supinel position.l Thel thighl isl flexedl onl thel abdomen,l
withl thel kneel flexed;l attemptsl tol passivelyl extendl thel knee,l illicitl painl whenl meningeall
irritationl isl present.
QUESTION
howl tol performl Kernig'sl test
Answer:
Havel thel patientl liel flatl onl theirl back,l flexl theirl hipsl andl kneesl tol 90°,l andl thenl
slowlyl extendl onel kneel atl al time.
Al positivel signl isl pain,l resistance,l orl inabilityl tol extendl thel kneel pastl 135°l .
QUESTION
Riskl factorsl forl meningitis
Answer:
-livingl inl al communityl setting:l dormitory,l militaryl base,l children,l boardingl schools,l andl
childcarel facilitiesl =l higherl riskl ofl meningococcall meningitisl duel tol easel ofl
meningococcall spreadl throughl respiratoryl routel rapidlyl spreadl inl largel groups
,-Pregnancy:l increasedl riskl ofl listeriosisl causedl byl listerial bacteria
-Age:l <l 5l viral;l <l 20l bacterial
-Compromisedl immunel system:l immunocompromisedl orl unvaccinated
QUESTION
Brudzinski'sl sign
Answer:
Elicitedl withl thel patientl inl thel supinel positionl andl isl positivel whenl passivel flexionl ofl
thel neckl resultsl inl spontaneousl flexionl ofl thel hipsl andl knees.
QUESTION
Classicl triadl symptomsl ofl meningitis
Answer:
-l Headache
-l Nuchall rigidity
-l Fever
Also:l photophobia,l nausea,l vomiting
QUESTION
nuchall rigidity
Answer:
"Stiffl neck"
Thel pathognomonicl signl ofl meningeall irritationl andl isl presentl whenl thel neckl resistsl
passivel flexion.
QUESTION
Generall symptomsl ofl meningitis
Answer:
-photophobia
-phonophobia
-severel headache
-nuchall rigidity
-Nausea/vomiting
-Coldl handsl andl feet
-Redl orl purplel rash
QUESTION
Physicall examl findingsl ofl meningitis
Answer:
, -diffusel erythematousl maculopapularl rashl thatl rapidlyl transformsl intol petechiael (typicallyl
seenl inl peoplel withl meningococcall meningitis)
-AMSl (drowsinessl tol coma)
-Seizures
-positivel Kernigl sign
-positivel Brudzinskil sign
-Signsl ofl increasedl ICPl (papilledema,l decreasedl LOC,l decerebratel posture,l sixthl nervel
palsies)
QUESTION
Sixthl nervel palsy
Answer:
unablel tol directl eyesl laterally
QUESTION
DDxl forl acutel meningitis
Answer:
-Rockyl Mountainl spottedl fever
-HSVl encephalitis
-Brainl abscess
-SAH
-Bechetl syndrome
QUESTION
Diagnosis:l Whenl tol getl LPl forl suspectedl meningitis
Answer:
Ifl bacterial,l meningitisl suspected,Bloodl cxl obtainedl immediatelyl andl empiricall antibioticl
andl adjunct,l dexamethasonel initiatedl withoutl delay.l Diagnosisl madel throughl examinationl
ofl CSF.
Inl absencel ofl immunocompromisedl state,l hxl ofl recentl headl trauma,l withl normall LOC,l
nol evidencel ofl papilledemal orl focall deficit-l safel tol performl LPl withoutl priorl
neuroimagingl studies.l
Ifl LPl isl delayedl inl orderl tol obtainl neurall imagingl studies,l empiricall antibioticl therapyl
shouldl bel initiatedl afterl bloodl culturesl arel obtained.
QUESTION
Classicl CSFl findingsl bacteriall meningitis
Answer:
•Openingl pressurel >180l mmH20
•WBCl 10-10,000;l neutrophill predominate
