STUDY GUIDE UNIT 1 NU 545 EXAM
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - Answer-Cell communication is the
process by which a cell detects and responds to signals in its environment. Cells
communicate through their own language of chemical signals. Different compounds,
such as hormones and neurotransmitters, act like words and phrases, telling a cell
about the environment around it or communicating messages.
What does excess urate (uric acid) cause? - Answer-Gout
What essential nutrients are required for normal cell function? - Answer-proteins, carbs,
lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
What are come examples of immunological and inflammatory substances that lead to
injury? - Answer-(Phagocytic cells- ability to ingest foreign particles)
Histamine
Antibodies
Lymphkines
Complement
Proteases
What is chemical signaling? - Answer-interaction between receptors and ligands
(chemical messengers) that cause changes in cellular activities
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - Answer-Facilitated diffusionis a
passive transport mechanism in which carrier proteins shuttle molecules across the cell
membrane without using the cell's energy supplies. ... The carrier proteins bind to
glucose, which causes them to change shape and translocate the glucose from one
side of the membrane to the other.
Explain the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranes: -
Answer-Na+ moving out of and K+ moving into the cell. There is always more K+ inside
the cell and more Na+ outside. This creates an electrochemical gradient or a difference
in charge. Substances have a new movement from a high concentration to a low
concentration.
Define active transport - Answer-Movement across cell membrane--from low to high
concentration--requires energy
crytokines - Answer-The term "cytokine" is derived from a combination of two Greek
words - "cyto" meaning cell and "kinos" meaning movement. Cytokines are cell
signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and
stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma.
, Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? - Answer-Cells - except for cancerous ones
- cannot reproduce forever. When aging cells stop dividing, they become "senescent."
Scientists believe one factor that causes senescence is the length of a cell's telomeres,
or protective caps on the end of chromosomes. Every time chromosomes reproduce,
telomeres get shorter. As telomeres dwindle, cell division stops altogether. Senescent
cells do not function the way young cells do, and are believed to be associated with skin
wrinkles, immune system problems and age-related diseases, including cancer.
Cellular death: Types of Necrosis - Answer-Dry Gangrene
Apoptosis: programmed cellular deatg
ER stress results in apoptyic cell death
Is the active process of cellular destruction
Can occur normally or pathologically
Dysregulated apoptosis : is excessive or insufficient. Can lead to cancer, autoimmune
disorders, neurogenerative diseases and ischemic injury
A nurse remembers that aging is associated with - Answer-increased cross linking of
collagen
Ribosomes are nucleoproteins that : - Answer-are synthesized in the cytoplasm
The plasma membrane of a cell is - Answer-PERMEABLE to water soluble molecules'
movement INTO the cell
What does cellular communication do? - Answer-Maintains hemostasis, regulates
growth and division; coordinates functions
Neurotransmitters - Answer-Neurotransmitters relay their messages by traveling
between cells and attaching to specific receptors on target cells.
Each neurotransmitter attaches to a different receptor — for example, dopamine
molecules attach to dopamine receptors. When they attach, this triggers action in the
target cells.
After neurotransmitters deliver their messages, the body breaks down or recycles them.
Metabolism - Answer-energy using (chemical task that maintains essential cellular
functions
Catabolism - Answer-Energy releasing
Where does ATP come from? - Answer-ATP is created from the chemical energy
contained in organic molecules.
When molecules of carbohydrates, lipid and protein are catabolized, this energy is
transferred to ATP
ATP is used to - Answer-store energy
QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - Answer-Cell communication is the
process by which a cell detects and responds to signals in its environment. Cells
communicate through their own language of chemical signals. Different compounds,
such as hormones and neurotransmitters, act like words and phrases, telling a cell
about the environment around it or communicating messages.
What does excess urate (uric acid) cause? - Answer-Gout
What essential nutrients are required for normal cell function? - Answer-proteins, carbs,
lipids, vitamins, and minerals.
What are come examples of immunological and inflammatory substances that lead to
injury? - Answer-(Phagocytic cells- ability to ingest foreign particles)
Histamine
Antibodies
Lymphkines
Complement
Proteases
What is chemical signaling? - Answer-interaction between receptors and ligands
(chemical messengers) that cause changes in cellular activities
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - Answer-Facilitated diffusionis a
passive transport mechanism in which carrier proteins shuttle molecules across the cell
membrane without using the cell's energy supplies. ... The carrier proteins bind to
glucose, which causes them to change shape and translocate the glucose from one
side of the membrane to the other.
Explain the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma membranes: -
Answer-Na+ moving out of and K+ moving into the cell. There is always more K+ inside
the cell and more Na+ outside. This creates an electrochemical gradient or a difference
in charge. Substances have a new movement from a high concentration to a low
concentration.
Define active transport - Answer-Movement across cell membrane--from low to high
concentration--requires energy
crytokines - Answer-The term "cytokine" is derived from a combination of two Greek
words - "cyto" meaning cell and "kinos" meaning movement. Cytokines are cell
signalling molecules that aid cell to cell communication in immune responses and
stimulate the movement of cells towards sites of inflammation, infection and trauma.
, Do all cells continue to replicate and divide? - Answer-Cells - except for cancerous ones
- cannot reproduce forever. When aging cells stop dividing, they become "senescent."
Scientists believe one factor that causes senescence is the length of a cell's telomeres,
or protective caps on the end of chromosomes. Every time chromosomes reproduce,
telomeres get shorter. As telomeres dwindle, cell division stops altogether. Senescent
cells do not function the way young cells do, and are believed to be associated with skin
wrinkles, immune system problems and age-related diseases, including cancer.
Cellular death: Types of Necrosis - Answer-Dry Gangrene
Apoptosis: programmed cellular deatg
ER stress results in apoptyic cell death
Is the active process of cellular destruction
Can occur normally or pathologically
Dysregulated apoptosis : is excessive or insufficient. Can lead to cancer, autoimmune
disorders, neurogenerative diseases and ischemic injury
A nurse remembers that aging is associated with - Answer-increased cross linking of
collagen
Ribosomes are nucleoproteins that : - Answer-are synthesized in the cytoplasm
The plasma membrane of a cell is - Answer-PERMEABLE to water soluble molecules'
movement INTO the cell
What does cellular communication do? - Answer-Maintains hemostasis, regulates
growth and division; coordinates functions
Neurotransmitters - Answer-Neurotransmitters relay their messages by traveling
between cells and attaching to specific receptors on target cells.
Each neurotransmitter attaches to a different receptor — for example, dopamine
molecules attach to dopamine receptors. When they attach, this triggers action in the
target cells.
After neurotransmitters deliver their messages, the body breaks down or recycles them.
Metabolism - Answer-energy using (chemical task that maintains essential cellular
functions
Catabolism - Answer-Energy releasing
Where does ATP come from? - Answer-ATP is created from the chemical energy
contained in organic molecules.
When molecules of carbohydrates, lipid and protein are catabolized, this energy is
transferred to ATP
ATP is used to - Answer-store energy
