CHEM210 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS || A GRADE
What orbital do delocalized electrons reside in? - Answers-
.4 loc e- pairs and 0 localized nbe pairs - Answers-tetrahedral
.4 loc e- pairs and 1 localized nbe pair - Answers-trigonal pyramidal
.4 loc e- pairs and 2 localized nbe pairs - Answers-bent
.4 loc e- pairs and 3 localized nbe pairs - Answers-unobservable
.3 loc e- pairs and 0 localized nbe pairs - Answers-
.3 loc e- pairs and 1 localized nbe pair - Answers-bent
.3 loc e- pairs and 2 localized nbe pairs - Answers-unobservable
.2 loc e- pairs - Answers-linear (unobservable if nbe pair present)
.Hybridization for 4 localized electrons? - Answers-sp3
.Hybridization for 3 localized electrons? - Answers-sp2
.Hybridization for 2 localized electrons - Answers-sp
.What does more s character mean in terms of energy? - Answers-more stable, less
energy
.Bond length determinants - Answers-1) atomic size -- H < F < O < N < C <<< Cl, S, P
2) bond order
3) difference in eN -- sp is more eN than sp2 is more eN than sp3 (more s character =
shorter bond)
4) delocalization (shorter bonds)
.Best H-Bond Donor - Answers-greatest partial charges/highest eN -- F then O then N
.Best H-Bond Acceptor - Answers-atom with an nbe pair that can be shared -- N then O
then F
, .Keq = 10 ^ (right side acid - left side acid) - Answers-10 ^ (right side acid - left side
acid)
.Example question: At what pH is the acidic:basic ratio 1:100 - Answers-pKa = pH - log
(products/reactants) (100/1)
.Acid Strength Trends - Answers-1) eN -- higher eN means stronger acid
2) charge -- positive charge means likely to donate
3) Hybridization -- more s character means smaller orbital means more eN
4) atom size -- bigger atoms have weaker bonds to H (more reactive)
5) delocalization
.What does it mean when Keq is greater than 1? - Answers-
.What does crowding around Carbon mean for the energy of the transition state? -
Answers-
.What is Delta G? - Answers-change between reactants and products
.What is Delta G double dagger? - Answers-Activation energy/energy needed to reach
the transition state
.A hindered transition state means... - Answers-an increase in the transition state
energy
.Kinetic control - Answers-A reaction in which the product ratio is determined by the rate
at which the products are formed
Fastest reaction, lowest hill to climb/activation energy
IRREVERSIBLE
.Thermodynamic Control - Answers-a transformation that yields the most stable
products
REVERSIBLE
.Markovnikov's Rule - Answers-new H will add to the end of the pi bond with the most
H's
.Addition of Strong Acid Mechanism - Answers-1) Protonate pi bond w/ most likely
strong acid to make carbocation
2) Capture carbocation by original conjugate base
Major product will be the most non-hydrogen things on Carbons
WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS || A GRADE
What orbital do delocalized electrons reside in? - Answers-
.4 loc e- pairs and 0 localized nbe pairs - Answers-tetrahedral
.4 loc e- pairs and 1 localized nbe pair - Answers-trigonal pyramidal
.4 loc e- pairs and 2 localized nbe pairs - Answers-bent
.4 loc e- pairs and 3 localized nbe pairs - Answers-unobservable
.3 loc e- pairs and 0 localized nbe pairs - Answers-
.3 loc e- pairs and 1 localized nbe pair - Answers-bent
.3 loc e- pairs and 2 localized nbe pairs - Answers-unobservable
.2 loc e- pairs - Answers-linear (unobservable if nbe pair present)
.Hybridization for 4 localized electrons? - Answers-sp3
.Hybridization for 3 localized electrons? - Answers-sp2
.Hybridization for 2 localized electrons - Answers-sp
.What does more s character mean in terms of energy? - Answers-more stable, less
energy
.Bond length determinants - Answers-1) atomic size -- H < F < O < N < C <<< Cl, S, P
2) bond order
3) difference in eN -- sp is more eN than sp2 is more eN than sp3 (more s character =
shorter bond)
4) delocalization (shorter bonds)
.Best H-Bond Donor - Answers-greatest partial charges/highest eN -- F then O then N
.Best H-Bond Acceptor - Answers-atom with an nbe pair that can be shared -- N then O
then F
, .Keq = 10 ^ (right side acid - left side acid) - Answers-10 ^ (right side acid - left side
acid)
.Example question: At what pH is the acidic:basic ratio 1:100 - Answers-pKa = pH - log
(products/reactants) (100/1)
.Acid Strength Trends - Answers-1) eN -- higher eN means stronger acid
2) charge -- positive charge means likely to donate
3) Hybridization -- more s character means smaller orbital means more eN
4) atom size -- bigger atoms have weaker bonds to H (more reactive)
5) delocalization
.What does it mean when Keq is greater than 1? - Answers-
.What does crowding around Carbon mean for the energy of the transition state? -
Answers-
.What is Delta G? - Answers-change between reactants and products
.What is Delta G double dagger? - Answers-Activation energy/energy needed to reach
the transition state
.A hindered transition state means... - Answers-an increase in the transition state
energy
.Kinetic control - Answers-A reaction in which the product ratio is determined by the rate
at which the products are formed
Fastest reaction, lowest hill to climb/activation energy
IRREVERSIBLE
.Thermodynamic Control - Answers-a transformation that yields the most stable
products
REVERSIBLE
.Markovnikov's Rule - Answers-new H will add to the end of the pi bond with the most
H's
.Addition of Strong Acid Mechanism - Answers-1) Protonate pi bond w/ most likely
strong acid to make carbocation
2) Capture carbocation by original conjugate base
Major product will be the most non-hydrogen things on Carbons
