NURS 1016 - Midterm Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Graded A+
Define Health - Answers Objective process characterized by functional stability, balance, and integrity.
WHO (World Health Organization, 1947) - defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
What is Labonte (1993)'s multidimensional conceptualization of health? - Answers Reflects both
actualization and stability prespectives.
Physical/Social/Mental = Wellbeing
Depicts concepts of *holism* - whereby health is more than the sum of the component parts in that the
interrelationships between and among different components result in different aspects of health
What is health as stability? - Answers maintenance of physiological, functional, and social norms, and as
it relates to concepts of *adaptation and homeostasis*
What is health as actualization? - Answers the actualization of *human potential* (usually
interchangeable with *wellness*)
What is health as actualization and stability? - Answers both concepts are incorporated into the
definition, "the actualization of inherent and acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior,
competent self-care and satisfying relationships with others, while making adjustments as needed to
maintain structural integrity and harmony with relevant environments"
Health is one of the "metaparadigm" concepts along with... - Answers person, environment, nursing,
and social justice.
Define Wellness - Answers subjective experience
Define Disease - Answers *Objective* state of ill health, the pathological process of which can be
detected by medical science; Condition of abnormal vital function involving any structure, part or system
of an organism
Define Illness - Answers *Subjective experience of loss of health*; An abnormal process in which aspects
of the social, physical, emotional or intellectual condition + function of a person are diminished or
impaired, compared with the person's previous condition
What are determinants of health? - Answers Income + social status, social support networks, education
+ literacy, employment + working conditions, physical environments, biological + genetic endowment,
individual health practices + coping skills, healthy child development, health services, gender, culture,
social enviornments
,What is the largest group of health professionals in Canada? - Answers As the largest group of health
professionals in Canada, *nurses* have the power to promote and lobby for equity in the health-care
system.
What is health promotion? - Answers is "directed towards *increasing the level of well-being and self-
actualization* "
What is disease prevention? - Answers is "action to avoid illness/disease"
The Lalonde Report is significant in that it was the first to emphasize __________ approach to health -
Answers behavioural
From a socioenvironmental perspective, the major determinants of health are ___________ and
______________ - Answers psychosocial risk factors and socioenvironmental risk conditons
Which one of the following statements does *not* accurately characterize health promotion?
a) Health promotion addresses health issues within the context of the social, economic, and political
environment
b) Health promotion emphasizes empowerment
c) Health promotion strategies focus primarily on helping people develop healthy behaviours
d) Health promotion is political - Answers c) Health promotion strategies focus primarily on helping
people develop healthy behaviours
The belief that health is primarily an individual responsibility is most congruent with the ___________
approach to health - Answers Behavioural
What are the most influential health determinants? - Answers Income and social status
Health promotion activities are aimed at:
a) Providing protection against disease
b) Increasing the level of well being
c) Avoiding injury or illness
d) Teaching clients to live with their limitations - Answers b) Increasing the level of well being
What are the 3 levels of disease prevention? - Answers *PRIMARY PREVENTION*
♣ Protects against a disease *before signs and symptoms occur*
♣ Ex. Immunization, reducing risk factors
,*SECONDARY PREVENTION*
♣ Promote *early detection* of disease once pathogenesis has occurred, so that prompt treatment
can be imitated to halt disease and limit disability
♣ Ex. Preventative cancer screening
*TERTIARY PREVENTION*
♣ Initiated in the convalescence stage of disease and are directed toward *minimizing residual
disability* and helping people to live productively without limitations
♣ Ex. Cardiac rehabilitation program after myocardial infection
What is Primary Health Care? (PHC) - Answers Is the foundation of Canada's health care system,
providing an *entry point of contact* into the health care system, as well as the vehicle for *continuity
of care*.
Focuses on the way services are delivered and *emphasizes that people should be at the centre of
health care*.
PHC extends beyond PC to include health education, nutrition, maternal and child health care, family
planning, immunizations and control of locally endemic diseases.
What is Primary Care? (PC) - Answers Focuses on *personal health services*.
Primary care is the *first level of care* and usually a person's first point of contact with the health-care
system. Primary care is typically seen as *very clinical*, driven by the provider. Based in diagnosis and
treatment and focused on the individual.
What is Level 1 of Care - Answers *HEALTH PROMOTION* - promotive
■ Focuses on "enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health"
■ Services & activities designed to *improve or maintain health status*
■ Ex. Provision of wellness services, antismoking education, promotion of self-esteem in children and
adolescents
What is Level 2 of Care - Answers *DISEASE AND INJURY PREVENTION* - preventative
■ Illness prevention services to help clients, families, and communities *reduce risk factors* for disease
and injury
■ Prevention strategies include clinical actions (screening, immunization), behavioural aspects (lifestyle
changes), and environmental actions (societal pressure for healthy environment)
, What is Level 3 of Care - Answers *DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT* - curative
■ Recognizing and managing clients' existing health problems
What are the 3 sublevels of diagnosis and treatment care? - Answers ♣ *Primary care* - first contact of
a patient with the health care system that leads to a decision regarding a course of action to resolve any
actual or potential health problems.
• Focus on early detection, routine care, and education to prevent reoccurrence
♣ *Secondary care* - usually occurs in hospital or home settings, and involve specialize medical service
by a physician or specialist or a hospital on referral from a PC practitioner
• Considers definitive diagnosis or clients requiring further diagnostic review
♣ *Tertiary care* - specialized technical care in diagnosing and treating complicated or unusual health
problems. Usually occurs in regional, teaching, university, or specialized hospitals that house
sophisticated diagnostic equipment and perform complex procedures.
What is Level 4 of Care - Answers *REHABILITATION* - rehabilitative
■ Restoration of a person facing life-altering health situations through education, advocacy,
collaboration, and research
■ Occurs after a physical or mental health illness, injury, or chemical addiction or is related to chronic
illness, disability, frailty, and aging
■ Includes physiotherapy, occupational and speech theory and social services
What is Level 5 of Care? - Answers *SUPPORTIVE CARE* - supportive
■ Clients of all ages with illnesses or disabilities that are chronic or progressive may require supportive
care
■ Consists of health, personal, and social services provided over a prolonged period to people who are
disabled, who do not function independently or have a terminal disease.
■ Includes *palliative & respite care*
Summarize what the 5 levels of care are? - Answers ■ Heath Promotion
■ Disease and Injury Prevention
■ Diagnosis and Treatment (3 sub levels)
Define Health - Answers Objective process characterized by functional stability, balance, and integrity.
WHO (World Health Organization, 1947) - defined health as "a state of complete physical, mental and
social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
What is Labonte (1993)'s multidimensional conceptualization of health? - Answers Reflects both
actualization and stability prespectives.
Physical/Social/Mental = Wellbeing
Depicts concepts of *holism* - whereby health is more than the sum of the component parts in that the
interrelationships between and among different components result in different aspects of health
What is health as stability? - Answers maintenance of physiological, functional, and social norms, and as
it relates to concepts of *adaptation and homeostasis*
What is health as actualization? - Answers the actualization of *human potential* (usually
interchangeable with *wellness*)
What is health as actualization and stability? - Answers both concepts are incorporated into the
definition, "the actualization of inherent and acquired human potential through goal-directed behavior,
competent self-care and satisfying relationships with others, while making adjustments as needed to
maintain structural integrity and harmony with relevant environments"
Health is one of the "metaparadigm" concepts along with... - Answers person, environment, nursing,
and social justice.
Define Wellness - Answers subjective experience
Define Disease - Answers *Objective* state of ill health, the pathological process of which can be
detected by medical science; Condition of abnormal vital function involving any structure, part or system
of an organism
Define Illness - Answers *Subjective experience of loss of health*; An abnormal process in which aspects
of the social, physical, emotional or intellectual condition + function of a person are diminished or
impaired, compared with the person's previous condition
What are determinants of health? - Answers Income + social status, social support networks, education
+ literacy, employment + working conditions, physical environments, biological + genetic endowment,
individual health practices + coping skills, healthy child development, health services, gender, culture,
social enviornments
,What is the largest group of health professionals in Canada? - Answers As the largest group of health
professionals in Canada, *nurses* have the power to promote and lobby for equity in the health-care
system.
What is health promotion? - Answers is "directed towards *increasing the level of well-being and self-
actualization* "
What is disease prevention? - Answers is "action to avoid illness/disease"
The Lalonde Report is significant in that it was the first to emphasize __________ approach to health -
Answers behavioural
From a socioenvironmental perspective, the major determinants of health are ___________ and
______________ - Answers psychosocial risk factors and socioenvironmental risk conditons
Which one of the following statements does *not* accurately characterize health promotion?
a) Health promotion addresses health issues within the context of the social, economic, and political
environment
b) Health promotion emphasizes empowerment
c) Health promotion strategies focus primarily on helping people develop healthy behaviours
d) Health promotion is political - Answers c) Health promotion strategies focus primarily on helping
people develop healthy behaviours
The belief that health is primarily an individual responsibility is most congruent with the ___________
approach to health - Answers Behavioural
What are the most influential health determinants? - Answers Income and social status
Health promotion activities are aimed at:
a) Providing protection against disease
b) Increasing the level of well being
c) Avoiding injury or illness
d) Teaching clients to live with their limitations - Answers b) Increasing the level of well being
What are the 3 levels of disease prevention? - Answers *PRIMARY PREVENTION*
♣ Protects against a disease *before signs and symptoms occur*
♣ Ex. Immunization, reducing risk factors
,*SECONDARY PREVENTION*
♣ Promote *early detection* of disease once pathogenesis has occurred, so that prompt treatment
can be imitated to halt disease and limit disability
♣ Ex. Preventative cancer screening
*TERTIARY PREVENTION*
♣ Initiated in the convalescence stage of disease and are directed toward *minimizing residual
disability* and helping people to live productively without limitations
♣ Ex. Cardiac rehabilitation program after myocardial infection
What is Primary Health Care? (PHC) - Answers Is the foundation of Canada's health care system,
providing an *entry point of contact* into the health care system, as well as the vehicle for *continuity
of care*.
Focuses on the way services are delivered and *emphasizes that people should be at the centre of
health care*.
PHC extends beyond PC to include health education, nutrition, maternal and child health care, family
planning, immunizations and control of locally endemic diseases.
What is Primary Care? (PC) - Answers Focuses on *personal health services*.
Primary care is the *first level of care* and usually a person's first point of contact with the health-care
system. Primary care is typically seen as *very clinical*, driven by the provider. Based in diagnosis and
treatment and focused on the individual.
What is Level 1 of Care - Answers *HEALTH PROMOTION* - promotive
■ Focuses on "enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health"
■ Services & activities designed to *improve or maintain health status*
■ Ex. Provision of wellness services, antismoking education, promotion of self-esteem in children and
adolescents
What is Level 2 of Care - Answers *DISEASE AND INJURY PREVENTION* - preventative
■ Illness prevention services to help clients, families, and communities *reduce risk factors* for disease
and injury
■ Prevention strategies include clinical actions (screening, immunization), behavioural aspects (lifestyle
changes), and environmental actions (societal pressure for healthy environment)
, What is Level 3 of Care - Answers *DIAGNOSIS & TREATMENT* - curative
■ Recognizing and managing clients' existing health problems
What are the 3 sublevels of diagnosis and treatment care? - Answers ♣ *Primary care* - first contact of
a patient with the health care system that leads to a decision regarding a course of action to resolve any
actual or potential health problems.
• Focus on early detection, routine care, and education to prevent reoccurrence
♣ *Secondary care* - usually occurs in hospital or home settings, and involve specialize medical service
by a physician or specialist or a hospital on referral from a PC practitioner
• Considers definitive diagnosis or clients requiring further diagnostic review
♣ *Tertiary care* - specialized technical care in diagnosing and treating complicated or unusual health
problems. Usually occurs in regional, teaching, university, or specialized hospitals that house
sophisticated diagnostic equipment and perform complex procedures.
What is Level 4 of Care - Answers *REHABILITATION* - rehabilitative
■ Restoration of a person facing life-altering health situations through education, advocacy,
collaboration, and research
■ Occurs after a physical or mental health illness, injury, or chemical addiction or is related to chronic
illness, disability, frailty, and aging
■ Includes physiotherapy, occupational and speech theory and social services
What is Level 5 of Care? - Answers *SUPPORTIVE CARE* - supportive
■ Clients of all ages with illnesses or disabilities that are chronic or progressive may require supportive
care
■ Consists of health, personal, and social services provided over a prolonged period to people who are
disabled, who do not function independently or have a terminal disease.
■ Includes *palliative & respite care*
Summarize what the 5 levels of care are? - Answers ■ Heath Promotion
■ Disease and Injury Prevention
■ Diagnosis and Treatment (3 sub levels)
