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ISSA STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING FINAL EXAM 400+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025
Sliding Filament Theory - Answer: Actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere
slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling z-lines toward the center of the
sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.
Muscle fiber fatigue order - Answer: Type 2a
Type 2x
Type 1
lactic acid - Answer: Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate
(under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.
elbow adduction - Answer: No more than 90 degrees for healthy individuals/45
degrees for people with problems
Fundamentals of training programming - Answer: Work capacity
Fitness
Preparedness
Training parameters - Answer: Exercise selection
Muscle growth
Motor unit recruitment
Firing rate of nerves
Physiological cross sectional area
Phalanges - Answer: bones of the fingers and toes
Double pyramid - Answer: Go up then down
wave loading - Answer: Varies in load or reps between one or more sets
Prep Phase - Answer: General physical preparation
Specific physical preparation
Sport specific preparation
Talus - Answer: By ankle
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respiratory system - Answer: Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon
dioxide.
Calcaneus - Answer: By heel
Cervical rotation - Answer: Neck rotation
frontal plane (coronal plane) - Answer: Abduction/adduction
saggital plane - Answer: flexion and extension
transverse plane - Answer: rotation
The ankle is made up of - Answer: The tibia/fibula/talus
Osteoclasts - Answer: Bone-destroying cells
Osteoblasts - Answer: bone forming cells
Osteocytes - Answer: mature bone cells
Osteocytes - Answer: mature bone cells
order of spinal cord - Answer: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
cancellous bone - Answer: spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
Short bones - Answer: carpals and tarsals
Marrow within bones produce blood cells. - Answer: True
axial skeleton - Answer: Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull,
rib cage, and vertebral column 80 bones
appendicular skeleton - Answer: Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are
attached to the axial skeleton 126 bones
5 types of bones - Answer: Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones,
and sesamoid bones
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Facet joints - Answer: synovial joints that link vertebrae and provide flexibility in
the spine
spinous process - Answer: sharp, slender projection
rectus femoris - Answer: Middle of quad
vastus lateralis - Answer: a muscle toward the outer side of the leg
Transverse process - Answer: two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
cervical vertebrae - Answer: 7 vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae - Answer: 12 vertebrae
Resorption - Answer: the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
Wolff's Law - Answer: A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or
demands placed upon it
epiphyseal plate - Answer: Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
Stress fracture - Answer: a small crack in the bone that often develops from
chronic, excessive impact
computed tomography (CT) - Answer: brain-imaging method using computer-
controlled X-rays of the brain
Remodeling - Answer: The process of resorption and formation of bone
bone deposition - Answer: the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by
osteoblasts
Endosteum - Answer: membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
trabeculae - Answer: supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy)
bone
ISSA STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING FINAL EXAM 400+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS LATEST UPDATE 2025
Sliding Filament Theory - Answer: Actin filaments at each end of the sarcomere
slide inward on myosin filaments, pulling z-lines toward the center of the
sarcomere and thus shortening the muscle fiber.
Muscle fiber fatigue order - Answer: Type 2a
Type 2x
Type 1
lactic acid - Answer: Produced in muscle cells from the reduction of pyruvate
(under anaerobic conditions) to regenerate NAD+ so that glycolysis can continue.
A rise in lactic acid usually accompanies an increase in physical activity.
elbow adduction - Answer: No more than 90 degrees for healthy individuals/45
degrees for people with problems
Fundamentals of training programming - Answer: Work capacity
Fitness
Preparedness
Training parameters - Answer: Exercise selection
Muscle growth
Motor unit recruitment
Firing rate of nerves
Physiological cross sectional area
Phalanges - Answer: bones of the fingers and toes
Double pyramid - Answer: Go up then down
wave loading - Answer: Varies in load or reps between one or more sets
Prep Phase - Answer: General physical preparation
Specific physical preparation
Sport specific preparation
Talus - Answer: By ankle
,2|Page
respiratory system - Answer: Brings oxygen into the body. Gets rid of carbon
dioxide.
Calcaneus - Answer: By heel
Cervical rotation - Answer: Neck rotation
frontal plane (coronal plane) - Answer: Abduction/adduction
saggital plane - Answer: flexion and extension
transverse plane - Answer: rotation
The ankle is made up of - Answer: The tibia/fibula/talus
Osteoclasts - Answer: Bone-destroying cells
Osteoblasts - Answer: bone forming cells
Osteocytes - Answer: mature bone cells
Osteocytes - Answer: mature bone cells
order of spinal cord - Answer: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
cancellous bone - Answer: spongy, porous, bone tissue in the inner part of a bone
Short bones - Answer: carpals and tarsals
Marrow within bones produce blood cells. - Answer: True
axial skeleton - Answer: Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull,
rib cage, and vertebral column 80 bones
appendicular skeleton - Answer: Bones of the limbs and limb girdles that are
attached to the axial skeleton 126 bones
5 types of bones - Answer: Long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones,
and sesamoid bones
, 3|Page
Facet joints - Answer: synovial joints that link vertebrae and provide flexibility in
the spine
spinous process - Answer: sharp, slender projection
rectus femoris - Answer: Middle of quad
vastus lateralis - Answer: a muscle toward the outer side of the leg
Transverse process - Answer: two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
cervical vertebrae - Answer: 7 vertebrae
thoracic vertebrae - Answer: 12 vertebrae
Resorption - Answer: the process of removing or digesting old bone tissue
Wolff's Law - Answer: A bone grows or remodels in response to forces or
demands placed upon it
epiphyseal plate - Answer: Growth plate, made of cartilage, gradually ossifies
Stress fracture - Answer: a small crack in the bone that often develops from
chronic, excessive impact
computed tomography (CT) - Answer: brain-imaging method using computer-
controlled X-rays of the brain
Remodeling - Answer: The process of resorption and formation of bone
bone deposition - Answer: the addition of minerals and collagen fibers to bone by
osteoblasts
Endosteum - Answer: membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
trabeculae - Answer: supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy)
bone
