Science for the ATI TEAS 7 study guide Questions & Answers

Cilia - ANSWERSCilia that are located on the outer membrane of bronchial epithelial cells are motile hair-like extensions whose motions tends to move substance out of the airway toeard the pharynx. Flagella are found in - ANSWERSsperm cells but no other cells in the human body. Dendrites - ANSWERSa neuron's bushy, branching extensions that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body Microvilli - ANSWERSAre found on the villi of intestinal epithelial cells bile (small intestine) - ANSWERSFat molecules are primarily hydrocarbon in content and are therefore not soluble in water. To absorb fats, the liver produces bile that is secreted into the duodenum. Fats are soluble in bile, so bile is able to break large fat globules into smaller droplets which can be more easily absorbed into the body. The process of fat globule dissolution is called emulsification. Amylase is a digestive en un that breaks down certain carbohydrates. Intercellular membrane binding - ANSWERSThe role of T-helper cells in immune responses involves the binding of membrane bound molecules, usually receptors or membrane bound antigens or antibodies between the T-helper and other immune system cells including B-cells and antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages. T-helpers cells can produce antibodies that bind to their own membranes but do not produce antibodies that are released into the circulation (B-cells do this). T-helper cells do not directly cause lysis of other dells and do not engage in phagocytosis. It passes through capillaries before returning to the internal chambers of the heart - ANSWERSRationale: Blood is pumped out of the heart through either the pulmonic valve as deoxygenated blood to the pulmonary artery or secondly, through the aortic valve as oxygenated blood to the aorta. All blood, once it leaves the heart, must pass through capillaries before it returns to the internal chamber of the heart. Continuously throughout the entire respiratory cycle - ANSWERSDeoxygenated blood is pumped through alveolar capillaries continuously throughout the respiratory cycle. If oxygen were not diffusing into the capillaries throughout each of the stages of the inspiratory cycle, the blood passing through the alveolar capillaries would not be oxygenated. This deoxygenated blood would return to the heart and mix with oxygenated blood, lowering the oxygen saturation level of the blood that is then pumped out of the heart through the aorta. Blood exiting the heart through the aorta is nearly 100% saturated, so there is no inspiration phase where oxygen is not passing into the circulatory system through the alveoli into their surrounding capillaries. Sensory input - ANSWERSThe integrative functions of the nervous system occur in the brain, where sensory input is utilized to create memories and to help generate thought processes. This does not require hormonal regulation. Effector cells are cells that carry out instructions from the nervous system at locations throughout the body. This is not classified as integrative neurological function. Spinal cord reflexes are, for the most part, independent of the central nervous system and are not required for integrative functions. pyloric sphincter - ANSWERSThe pyloric sphincter opens at appropriate intervals to allow stomach content to enter the duodenum. The gastroesophageal (GE) sphincter opens only during the passage of ingested material from the esophagus into the stomach. A muscular sphincter is a generalized term for ring-like muscles that surround and contract a bodily passage or opening. The gastroduodenal sphincter is not the proper term for the pyloric sphincter. Production of antibodies - ANSWERSthe innate immune system generates non-specific immune responses. Phagocytosis of foreign cells by macrophages, the stimulation of fever by the release of interleukins, and the release of and response to cytokines by cells involved in the innate immune responses is triggered by a wide variety of infectious agents or chemical generated by tissue injury. The innate immune responses are then carried out through biochemical pathways and cell activities that do not require the participation of antibodies or the recognition of a specific antigens. Antibodies are produced by B-cells, which are required for activity of the humoral category of the body's adaptive immune system. B-Cells do not participate in the innate immune response The heart is ventral to the esophagus - ANSWERSThe term ventral means toward the umbilical (belly button) abdominal wall versus the opposite direction, dorsal, which means, in this positional terminology, toward the spine. Proximal means toward the midline of the body, so it also can be interpreted as toward or closer to the spine, but this is contrasted with the opposite of proximal, which is described by the term distal, meaning away from the spine. Medial is used to describe relative locations toward any central axis of the body with the opposite relationship described by the term lateral, meaning to the side of that which is medial. Rostral indicates a relative position closer to the skill, with the term caudal meaning a relative position that is closer to the base of the spine. The liver - ANSWERSUrea is a water-soluble, non toxic molecule synthesized for the purpose of riding the body of waste products generated by the catabolism of nitrogen-containing compound such as nucleic acids and proteins. Although urea is excreted through the kidneys, it is synthesized by liver parenchymal cells. The large intestine - ANSWERSAll of organs of the body must receive a direct arterial supply of oxygenated blood. The lungs also receive deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery, which is then oxygenated as it passes through alveolar capillaries. The heart receives deoxygenated blood through the superior and inferior vena cava vein, which empty into the right atrium. The liver received deoxygenated blood through the hepatic portal vein, which carries blood that has passed through capillaries in the small intestines. The large Intestine, along with most of the other organs or organ region of the body, receives supplies of oxygenated blood only. The diaphragm - ANSWERSOne is not expected to know the names of all of the voluntary muscles in the body, but the major voluntary muscles, such as the biceps are expected knowledge. The masseters are the muscles that cause the lower jaw to close. This is beyond expected knowledge, but it is a higher level of anatomical knowledge that is not specifically, but as a category of superior mastery, included to distinguish the top levels of performance. At the expected knowledge level is that the diaphragm is the muscle that generates inhalation, that one can for brief periods of time voluntarily inhale or suppress inhalation, that usually the inhalation process is involuntary, and always involuntary when one is asleep. The small intestines - ANSWERSThis question is often missed because most students know the primary role of the large intestine is to absorb water. Nevertheless, 80% of water that passes through the digestive system is absorbed through the small intestine. Dendritic cells - ANSWERSDendritic cells posses toll-like receptors on their cell membranes which can bind to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) that are present on or in a wide variety of foreign microorganisms. After recognizing and then phagocytizing a foreign immunogenic substance, dendritic cells are able to digest the substance and present the digested fragments as antigens on the outer cell membrane surface. Natural killer (NK) cells can attack virally infected and cancerous cells without interacting with other cells or other substances of the adaptive immune system. Plasma cells synthesize and secrete antibodies. The T-helper cell binds and activates the complementary T-cell to initiate the production of large amounts of antibodies.