Unit 14d: Making designer chemicals
Introduction:
Organic chemistry is a fascinating field of study that focuses on the reactions and properties
of carbon-based compounds. The study of organic chemistry is vital in the development of
medicines, materials, and even food production. As part of my academic requirements, I
have been tasked with the preparation of three different organic compounds belonging to
various categories.
The first compound category that I prepared was a compound without a carbonyl functional
group. The second category was a compound with a carbonyl functional group, and the third
was an aromatic compound. I carefully followed the proposed method with reactants and
predicted products, quantities used, and apparatus diagrams. Additionally, I recorded the
actual reaction conditions used, such as reagents, temperatures, and times.
To ensure the purity of the products obtained, I used various techniques such as boiling
point and melting point analysis, as well as the calculation of percentage yield. I also took
great care to prioritize safety throughout the practical examinations of the organic
reactions.
This assignment aims to showcase my ability to safely carry out practical examinations of
organic reactions to produce predicted products. It also highlights the significance of
carefully selecting the appropriate reaction conditions to achieve the desired results.
Through this practical examination, I have gained valuable insights into the strengths and
weaknesses of the reaction conditions chosen for each category of organic compound.
1) Compound without a carbonyl
I prepared a halogenoalkane compound from alcohol which did not contain a carbonyl
functional group. Through this process, I synthesized an organic liquid, with the reaction
mechanism being a nucleophilic substitution of the alcohol to yield the halogenoalkane
product. This reaction involved three stages, namely preparation, separation, and further
oxidation.
The primary reaction mechanism for this process involved a nucleophilic substitution of the
alcohol to produce the halogenoalkane.
R-OH --> R-X
Alcohol + hydrochloric acid --> haloalkane + water
2-methylpropan-2-ol + hydrochloric acid --> 2-chloro,2-methyl propane + water Balanced
equation:
, (CH3)3COH + HCl -> (CH3)3C-Cl + H2O
Health and safety:
In order to ensure health and safety during this experiment, appropriate precautions must
be taken. Protective gear, including goggles, a lab coat, and disposable nitrile gloves, should
be worn at all times. The hydrochloric acid utilized in this reaction is highly corrosive and can
cause irreversible skin damage, making gloves essential for protection. Sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution and anhydrous sodium sulphate, although less harmful, can still cause
skin irritation, and gloves should be worn to prevent any adverse effects.
The 2-methylpropan-2-ol used in this experiment is both flammable and harmful, making it
crucial to keep it away from any potential ignition sources. In the event of any contact with
skin, hands should be washed immediately. Wearing a lab coat and goggles is necessary to
protect the eyes from any harmful solutions and to prevent any staining of clothing due to
the chemicals used. Additionally, long hair must be tied up to prevent any distractions or
hazards.
To ensure a safe working environment, bags and coats should be put away to prevent
accidents from occurring. It is essential to follow all safety guidelines and protocols to
prevent any incidents or injuries.
Method:
1. Preparation
To prepare halogenoalkane from alcohol, it is essential to follow a specific procedure while
adhering to health and safety guidelines. Before beginning, it is crucial to ensure that all
necessary precautions have been taken.
The first step of the procedure involves measuring 6.5cm3 of 2-methylpropan-2-ol using a
10cm3 measuring cylinder and weighing it on a scale, which showed 23.331g. The measured
2-methylpropan-2-ol is then poured into a 50cm3 separating funnel. The empty cylinder is
weighed and found to be 18.488g, which is used to calculate the mass of the 2-
methylpropan-2-ol fluid, which is 4.843g.
In the next step, 20cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid is measured using a 50cm3
measuring cylinder. The hydrochloric acid is gradually added to the separating funnel
containing the 2-methylpropan-2-ol over a period of two minutes. As the two solutions
come in contact with each other, steam is seen coming off, and fizzing occurs.
Once all the hydrochloric acid has been added, the separating funnel is stoppered and
shaken gently every 5 minutes for a total of four times over a period of 20 minutes. The
pressure in the funnel is released after each shake. It is important to observe the reaction
during this process carefully.
Introduction:
Organic chemistry is a fascinating field of study that focuses on the reactions and properties
of carbon-based compounds. The study of organic chemistry is vital in the development of
medicines, materials, and even food production. As part of my academic requirements, I
have been tasked with the preparation of three different organic compounds belonging to
various categories.
The first compound category that I prepared was a compound without a carbonyl functional
group. The second category was a compound with a carbonyl functional group, and the third
was an aromatic compound. I carefully followed the proposed method with reactants and
predicted products, quantities used, and apparatus diagrams. Additionally, I recorded the
actual reaction conditions used, such as reagents, temperatures, and times.
To ensure the purity of the products obtained, I used various techniques such as boiling
point and melting point analysis, as well as the calculation of percentage yield. I also took
great care to prioritize safety throughout the practical examinations of the organic
reactions.
This assignment aims to showcase my ability to safely carry out practical examinations of
organic reactions to produce predicted products. It also highlights the significance of
carefully selecting the appropriate reaction conditions to achieve the desired results.
Through this practical examination, I have gained valuable insights into the strengths and
weaknesses of the reaction conditions chosen for each category of organic compound.
1) Compound without a carbonyl
I prepared a halogenoalkane compound from alcohol which did not contain a carbonyl
functional group. Through this process, I synthesized an organic liquid, with the reaction
mechanism being a nucleophilic substitution of the alcohol to yield the halogenoalkane
product. This reaction involved three stages, namely preparation, separation, and further
oxidation.
The primary reaction mechanism for this process involved a nucleophilic substitution of the
alcohol to produce the halogenoalkane.
R-OH --> R-X
Alcohol + hydrochloric acid --> haloalkane + water
2-methylpropan-2-ol + hydrochloric acid --> 2-chloro,2-methyl propane + water Balanced
equation:
, (CH3)3COH + HCl -> (CH3)3C-Cl + H2O
Health and safety:
In order to ensure health and safety during this experiment, appropriate precautions must
be taken. Protective gear, including goggles, a lab coat, and disposable nitrile gloves, should
be worn at all times. The hydrochloric acid utilized in this reaction is highly corrosive and can
cause irreversible skin damage, making gloves essential for protection. Sodium hydrogen
carbonate solution and anhydrous sodium sulphate, although less harmful, can still cause
skin irritation, and gloves should be worn to prevent any adverse effects.
The 2-methylpropan-2-ol used in this experiment is both flammable and harmful, making it
crucial to keep it away from any potential ignition sources. In the event of any contact with
skin, hands should be washed immediately. Wearing a lab coat and goggles is necessary to
protect the eyes from any harmful solutions and to prevent any staining of clothing due to
the chemicals used. Additionally, long hair must be tied up to prevent any distractions or
hazards.
To ensure a safe working environment, bags and coats should be put away to prevent
accidents from occurring. It is essential to follow all safety guidelines and protocols to
prevent any incidents or injuries.
Method:
1. Preparation
To prepare halogenoalkane from alcohol, it is essential to follow a specific procedure while
adhering to health and safety guidelines. Before beginning, it is crucial to ensure that all
necessary precautions have been taken.
The first step of the procedure involves measuring 6.5cm3 of 2-methylpropan-2-ol using a
10cm3 measuring cylinder and weighing it on a scale, which showed 23.331g. The measured
2-methylpropan-2-ol is then poured into a 50cm3 separating funnel. The empty cylinder is
weighed and found to be 18.488g, which is used to calculate the mass of the 2-
methylpropan-2-ol fluid, which is 4.843g.
In the next step, 20cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid is measured using a 50cm3
measuring cylinder. The hydrochloric acid is gradually added to the separating funnel
containing the 2-methylpropan-2-ol over a period of two minutes. As the two solutions
come in contact with each other, steam is seen coming off, and fizzing occurs.
Once all the hydrochloric acid has been added, the separating funnel is stoppered and
shaken gently every 5 minutes for a total of four times over a period of 20 minutes. The
pressure in the funnel is released after each shake. It is important to observe the reaction
during this process carefully.
