PAR 115 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT ANSWERS 2025

PAR 115 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS WITH
CORRECT ANSWERS 2025
PhilosophicWRaidcalsW-W-JeremyWBenthamWfollowers

-dedicatedWtoWreformingWtheWentireWgamutWofWBritishWinstitutes

-soughtWchangesWinWtheWlegal,Wreligious,Weconomic,Weducational,WpoliticalWandWmoralWinstitutions

-productsWofWtheWEnlightenment



HedonismW-W-theWbeliefWthatWpleasureWisWgoodWandWpainWisWbad

-Bentham'sWutilitarianisticWviewsWbelieveWinWthisWprinciple

-twoWtypesWofWHedonism:WethicalWandWpsychological



EthicalWHedonismW-Wnormative,WpeopleWshouldWalwaysWpursueWpleasureWandWavoidWpain



PsychologicalWHedonismW-
Wdescriptive,WhumansWareWconstitutedWbyWnatureWtoWalwaysWpursueWhappinessWandWavoidWpainW("progra

mmed")



UniversalismW-W-holdsWthatWeveryone'sWhappinessWcountsWequally



AppearanceWandWRealityW(NoumenalWDistinction)W-W-KantianWEthics

-
beyondWtheWscopeWofWperception;refersWtoWtheWworldWasWitWwouldWappearWwithoutWtheWorderingWimpos
edWonWitWbyWtheWmindWinWtheWactWofWperception.WitWisWtheWthingWinWitself

-self-determined

-can'tWbeWprovenWorWdisproven;Wit'sWbeyondWreason,WnotWreallyWknowable



AppearanceWandWRealityW(PhenomenalWDistinction)W-W-
availableWtoWintuitionWorWtheWsenses;Wapparent;Wperceptible;Wtangible;WrefersWtoWtheWworldWasWexperien
ced,WpriorWtoWanyWattemptWtoWanalyzeWexperienceWinWtermsWofWwhatWisWdependentWonWandWindependen
tWofWtheWmindWofWtheWpersonWtoWwhomWtheWexperienceWbelongs

-determinedWbyWaWcausalWnexis

, VirtueWEthicsW-W-fatherWofWvirtueWethics:WAristotle

-keyWquestionWisWtoWattendWto:WWhatWkindWofWpersonWshallWIWbe?



GoldenWMeanW-W-Aristotle

-theWvirtueWliesWinWfindingWtheWproperWbalanceWbetweenWtheWextremesWofWexcessWandWdeficiency

(EX)WCourage:WfallsWbetweenWtheWcowardiceWandWfoolhardiness

Generosity:WbetweenWselfWindulgenceWandWwasteful



EudaimoniaW-W-canWbeWtranslatedWasWhumanWhappiness,WincludingWflourishingWandWwellWbeing

-higherWhappinessWthatWisWuniquelyWhuman:WNOTWsex,Wmoney,Wetc.

-canWalsoWbeWunderstoodWasWtheWsortWofWhappinessWthatWoneWattainsWfromWaWlifetimeWofWlivingWwell



VicesW-W-thoseWweaknessesWofWcharacterWthatWimpedeWflourishing

-gambling,Wdrugs,Wprostitution,Wetc



VirtuesW-W-strengthsWorWexcellencesWofWcharacterWthatWpromoteWhumanWflourishing



CivilWDisobedienceW-W-nonviolent,WpassiveWresistance,WconscientiousWrefusalWtoWfollowWimmoralWlaws

-
characterizedWbyWgratuitousWactsWundertakenWinWdefianceWofWlawWforWtheWpurposeWofWrenderingWsuchWl
awWineffective

-usedWbyWHDWThoreau,WGandhiWandWMartinWLutherWKingWJr.



AltruismW-W-assertionWofW"moralWfacts"



Rousseau'sWSocialWContractWTheoryW-W-
arguesWthatWweWareWactuallyWbetter,WhealthierWandWsanerWinWtheWstateWofWnatureWandWextolsWtheW"nobl
eWsavage"