Medsurg Exam 3 - Oncology
What is the most common leading site for females and males? correct
answers- Females: breast (1st), lung (2nd)
- Males: prostate (1st), lung (2nd)
How often should a 44 year old woman get a mammogram
screening? correct answers44-54 years of age - annual/yearly
mammogram
45-55 years of age - every other year or yearly
What are the 7 warning signs of cancer? (CAUTION) correct answersC-
changes in bowel or bladder habits
A- a sore that does not heal
U- unusual bleeding or discharge from any
orfice T- thickening or lump in breast or
elsewhere
I.indigestion or difficulty
swallowing O- obvious change
in wart or mole N- nagging
cough or hoarseness
Which population is most vulnerable to complications of cancer and
treatment? correct answersOlder adult (>50% of cancers are dx in patients
older than 65)
What is important to consider when making a treatment plan? Why? correct
answersAge, it's important to know their performance/functional status prior
to treatment
What are the lab tests done to help diagnose cancer? correct answers- CBC:
increase in WBC & blast cells
-Tumor markers: higher protein levels (urine, stool, tissue, blood are tested
for excess protein)
- Genetic markers: certain genes in a blood or saliva sample
What are radiology diagnostics that are done to diagnose cancer? correct
answersCT, MRI, X-rays, US, PET scans, mammograms
What is a tissue biopsy? correct answersPiece of tissue is removed
and sent for cytology
What is the difference between a fine needle/core biopsy and an
incisional/external biopsy? correct answers- Fine needle & core biopsy uses
a needle to remove samples of tissue
- incisional & external biopsy cuts and removes part or all of tumor
, T/F a benign tumor can invade and spread to other parts of the
body? correct answersFalse, a malignant tumor spreads to other
parts of your body
A benign tumor cannot spread to other parts of the body. However, they
can become large
What are the different grades of cancer? correct answersGrade Gx: cells
cannot be graded
Grade I: tumor cells are well differentiated
Grade II: tumor cells are moderately
differentiated Grade III: tumor cells are
poorly differentiated
Grade IV: tumor cells are poorly
differentiated and retain no normal cell
characteristics
Grade I of cancer present cells that are well differentiated which
means correct answersThe cells look normal and are growing slowly
What are the different stages of cancer? correct answersStage 0:
carcinoma in situ Stage I: tumor limited to tissue of origin
Stage II: limited local spread
Stage III: extensive local and regional
spread Stage IV: distant metastasis
What is a stage III cancer? correct answersCancer spread to surrounding
tissues and lymph nodes
What is the TNM system? correct answersT -
tumor-size N - lymph node involvement - yes/no
& # involved
M - present of distant metastasis
What are the 3 goals of cancer treatment?
correct answersCure, control, palliation
Having an early mammogram for breast cancer is an example of which
prevention? correct answersSecondary
Avoiding smoking is an example of which prevention? correct
answersPrimary
What is the role of chemotherapy? correct answersKills or inhibits the
reproduction of tumor cells and kills normal cells
What are the routes of chemotherapy? correct answersOral, IV, intra-
arterial, intraventricular, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, topical,
intravesticular, intrapleural, & subcutaenous
What are the side effects of chemotherapy? correct answers- Drop in
counts/loss of hematopoietic cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
- Risk of infection
What is the most common leading site for females and males? correct
answers- Females: breast (1st), lung (2nd)
- Males: prostate (1st), lung (2nd)
How often should a 44 year old woman get a mammogram
screening? correct answers44-54 years of age - annual/yearly
mammogram
45-55 years of age - every other year or yearly
What are the 7 warning signs of cancer? (CAUTION) correct answersC-
changes in bowel or bladder habits
A- a sore that does not heal
U- unusual bleeding or discharge from any
orfice T- thickening or lump in breast or
elsewhere
I.indigestion or difficulty
swallowing O- obvious change
in wart or mole N- nagging
cough or hoarseness
Which population is most vulnerable to complications of cancer and
treatment? correct answersOlder adult (>50% of cancers are dx in patients
older than 65)
What is important to consider when making a treatment plan? Why? correct
answersAge, it's important to know their performance/functional status prior
to treatment
What are the lab tests done to help diagnose cancer? correct answers- CBC:
increase in WBC & blast cells
-Tumor markers: higher protein levels (urine, stool, tissue, blood are tested
for excess protein)
- Genetic markers: certain genes in a blood or saliva sample
What are radiology diagnostics that are done to diagnose cancer? correct
answersCT, MRI, X-rays, US, PET scans, mammograms
What is a tissue biopsy? correct answersPiece of tissue is removed
and sent for cytology
What is the difference between a fine needle/core biopsy and an
incisional/external biopsy? correct answers- Fine needle & core biopsy uses
a needle to remove samples of tissue
- incisional & external biopsy cuts and removes part or all of tumor
, T/F a benign tumor can invade and spread to other parts of the
body? correct answersFalse, a malignant tumor spreads to other
parts of your body
A benign tumor cannot spread to other parts of the body. However, they
can become large
What are the different grades of cancer? correct answersGrade Gx: cells
cannot be graded
Grade I: tumor cells are well differentiated
Grade II: tumor cells are moderately
differentiated Grade III: tumor cells are
poorly differentiated
Grade IV: tumor cells are poorly
differentiated and retain no normal cell
characteristics
Grade I of cancer present cells that are well differentiated which
means correct answersThe cells look normal and are growing slowly
What are the different stages of cancer? correct answersStage 0:
carcinoma in situ Stage I: tumor limited to tissue of origin
Stage II: limited local spread
Stage III: extensive local and regional
spread Stage IV: distant metastasis
What is a stage III cancer? correct answersCancer spread to surrounding
tissues and lymph nodes
What is the TNM system? correct answersT -
tumor-size N - lymph node involvement - yes/no
& # involved
M - present of distant metastasis
What are the 3 goals of cancer treatment?
correct answersCure, control, palliation
Having an early mammogram for breast cancer is an example of which
prevention? correct answersSecondary
Avoiding smoking is an example of which prevention? correct
answersPrimary
What is the role of chemotherapy? correct answersKills or inhibits the
reproduction of tumor cells and kills normal cells
What are the routes of chemotherapy? correct answersOral, IV, intra-
arterial, intraventricular, intrathecal, intraperitoneal, topical,
intravesticular, intrapleural, & subcutaenous
What are the side effects of chemotherapy? correct answers- Drop in
counts/loss of hematopoietic cells (RBC, WBC, platelets)
- Risk of infection
