MNT 2 EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Medical nutrition therapy 2 exam 2
February 13 was a snow day so February 15. Mnt for renal disorders and fluid and
electrolyte balance.
• What is the role of the kidney? - ✔✔o Maintain balance of fluids, electrolytes, and
organic solutes.
o Control blood pressure (renin angiotensin mechanism).
o Produce of erythropoietin (EPO).
o Maintain of calcium phosphorous homeostasis (formation of active vitamin D, 1,25
dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25 - [OH]2D3.
o Maintain acid base balance.
• In maintaining balance of fluids, electrolytes and organic solutes for kidney function
what are the factors? - ✔✔o Oliguria.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,o Azotemia.
o renal function.
o and renal failure.
• what is oliguria? - ✔✔o Oliguria is urine volume less than 500 milliliter per day solute
load comprised of nitrogenous wastes.
• What is azotemia? - ✔✔o Azotemia is the accumulatio of nitrogenous wastes in the
blood.
o This is really the hallmark to notice that the kidney is declining.
She moved on to fluid and electrolyte balance and acid base basics 8:00.
• what is fluid balance? - ✔✔o Fluid balance equals fluid in minus fluid out.
• Certain foods can provide more water than others like fruits and lettuce but what you
get from that is metabolic water and also when we oxidize nutrient we also produce
water from the electron transport chain but really we just think about water but if the
fluid restrictions are tough you may have to pay more attention to that. - ✔✔
• What are the method for estimating fluid needs? - ✔✔o weight in kilogram time 25 to
34 mililiter equal milliliters of fluid required daily
25 milliliter per kilogram for congestive heart failure or renal disease.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,30 milliliter per kilogram for average adults.
35 to 40 milliliter per kilogram for patients with infection or draining wounds.
o 1 milliliter per kilocalorie of intake = equal milliliters of fluid required daily *.
*If a patient's calorie intake is poor or low, fluid needs may be underestimated.
o Average healthy adult: 25 to 40 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.
Adult 55 to75 years: 30 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.
Adult older than 75 years: 25 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.
o Dietary Reference Intakes: adequate intakes (AIs) for water.
Adult males older than 19 years of age: 3.7 liters per day.
Adult females greater than 19 years of age: 2.7 liter per day.
• In ICU they may do fluid requirement based on surface area because if you have a
burn patient there is a big attempt to keep the temperature of a room at a certain rate so
they are not loosing a lot of water and fevers. She said that she might ask on the exam
that to give an example of one or the other or why is it important in a clinical scenario. -
✔✔that is right
• What are the consideration for fluid excretion? - ✔✔o Obligatory fluid.
o Facultative fluid.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, o Renal solute load (RSL).
• What is obligatory fluid? - ✔✔o Excretion represents the minimum fluid necessary to
remove waste materials excreted in urine.
o some people that may have bladder control problems may be purposely dehydrated
and drink less water but we are hoping that they can clear waste product because if not
the body will pull from its other sources to excrete and cause consequential
dehydration.
• How much waste product is a normal healthy adult able to excrete per liter? - ✔✔o
Kidneys of normal healthy adults can concentrate 1200 to 1400 milliosmole per liter
(obligatory).
o If the renal solute load is 600 milliosmole:
600 milliosmole divided by 1200 milliosmole per liter = .5 liters
600 milliosmole divided by 1400 milliosmole per liter = .428 liters
So, 430 to 500 milliliters is the minimal amount of fluid needed to accommodate a renal
solute load of 600 milliosmole.
• What is facultative fluid? - ✔✔o Facultative is when Excretion depends on the tubular
resorption rate of the kidneys and fluctuating body needs.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Medical nutrition therapy 2 exam 2
February 13 was a snow day so February 15. Mnt for renal disorders and fluid and
electrolyte balance.
• What is the role of the kidney? - ✔✔o Maintain balance of fluids, electrolytes, and
organic solutes.
o Control blood pressure (renin angiotensin mechanism).
o Produce of erythropoietin (EPO).
o Maintain of calcium phosphorous homeostasis (formation of active vitamin D, 1,25
dihydroxycholecalciferol or 1,25 - [OH]2D3.
o Maintain acid base balance.
• In maintaining balance of fluids, electrolytes and organic solutes for kidney function
what are the factors? - ✔✔o Oliguria.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 1
,o Azotemia.
o renal function.
o and renal failure.
• what is oliguria? - ✔✔o Oliguria is urine volume less than 500 milliliter per day solute
load comprised of nitrogenous wastes.
• What is azotemia? - ✔✔o Azotemia is the accumulatio of nitrogenous wastes in the
blood.
o This is really the hallmark to notice that the kidney is declining.
She moved on to fluid and electrolyte balance and acid base basics 8:00.
• what is fluid balance? - ✔✔o Fluid balance equals fluid in minus fluid out.
• Certain foods can provide more water than others like fruits and lettuce but what you
get from that is metabolic water and also when we oxidize nutrient we also produce
water from the electron transport chain but really we just think about water but if the
fluid restrictions are tough you may have to pay more attention to that. - ✔✔
• What are the method for estimating fluid needs? - ✔✔o weight in kilogram time 25 to
34 mililiter equal milliliters of fluid required daily
25 milliliter per kilogram for congestive heart failure or renal disease.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 2
,30 milliliter per kilogram for average adults.
35 to 40 milliliter per kilogram for patients with infection or draining wounds.
o 1 milliliter per kilocalorie of intake = equal milliliters of fluid required daily *.
*If a patient's calorie intake is poor or low, fluid needs may be underestimated.
o Average healthy adult: 25 to 40 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.
Adult 55 to75 years: 30 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.
Adult older than 75 years: 25 milliliters per kilogram of body weight.
o Dietary Reference Intakes: adequate intakes (AIs) for water.
Adult males older than 19 years of age: 3.7 liters per day.
Adult females greater than 19 years of age: 2.7 liter per day.
• In ICU they may do fluid requirement based on surface area because if you have a
burn patient there is a big attempt to keep the temperature of a room at a certain rate so
they are not loosing a lot of water and fevers. She said that she might ask on the exam
that to give an example of one or the other or why is it important in a clinical scenario. -
✔✔that is right
• What are the consideration for fluid excretion? - ✔✔o Obligatory fluid.
o Facultative fluid.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 3
, o Renal solute load (RSL).
• What is obligatory fluid? - ✔✔o Excretion represents the minimum fluid necessary to
remove waste materials excreted in urine.
o some people that may have bladder control problems may be purposely dehydrated
and drink less water but we are hoping that they can clear waste product because if not
the body will pull from its other sources to excrete and cause consequential
dehydration.
• How much waste product is a normal healthy adult able to excrete per liter? - ✔✔o
Kidneys of normal healthy adults can concentrate 1200 to 1400 milliosmole per liter
(obligatory).
o If the renal solute load is 600 milliosmole:
600 milliosmole divided by 1200 milliosmole per liter = .5 liters
600 milliosmole divided by 1400 milliosmole per liter = .428 liters
So, 430 to 500 milliliters is the minimal amount of fluid needed to accommodate a renal
solute load of 600 milliosmole.
• What is facultative fluid? - ✔✔o Facultative is when Excretion depends on the tubular
resorption rate of the kidneys and fluctuating body needs.
Katelyn Whitman, All Rights Reserved © 2025 4
