AP Biology Terminologies Exam
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Ligands - ✔✔A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another
molecule.
Local Regulators - ✔✔A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is
secreted.
Biotic - ✔✔Describes living factors in the environment.
Abiotic - ✔✔Non-living things
keystone species - ✔✔a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely
depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
analogous structures - ✔✔Body parts that share a common function, but not
structure
vestigial structures - ✔✔A structure that is present in an organism but no longer
serves its original purpose
homologous structures - ✔✔Structures in different species that are similar
because of common ancestry.
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,Positive Feedback - ✔✔A type of regulation that responds to a change in
conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism
away from a steady state.
Negative Feedback - ✔✔A type of regulation that responds to a change in
conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a
steady state.
Stimulus - ✔✔any event or situation that evokes a response
Stimuli - ✔✔Changes in the environment
Neurotransmitters - ✔✔Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron
to another
neurosecretory cells - ✔✔Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete
neurohormone rather than neurotransmitter
Centromere - ✔✔the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister
chromatids together during mitosis
IPMAT-C - ✔✔Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and
Cytokinesis
Interphase - ✔✔Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for
division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
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,G1 phase - ✔✔stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal
functions
G1 checkpoint - ✔✔checks to see if cell size is adequate; chromosomes
replication is successfully completed and checks for DNA errors
G0 phase - ✔✔A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle,
sometimes reversibly.
G2 phase - ✔✔The Second stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol
and organelles
G2 checkpoint - ✔✔The cell checks to make sure the DNA is copied correctly
Mitosis - ✔✔cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the
same number of chromosomes
Prophase (mitosis) - ✔✔chromosomes condense and spindle apparatus begins
to form
Metaphase (mitosis) - ✔✔Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase (Mitosis) - ✔✔cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart
toward the poles
Telophase (mitosis) - ✔✔chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindles break down,
and new nuclear membrane forms.
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, Cytokinesis in animal cells - ✔✔The cell membrane is drawn inward until the
cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts
cytokinesis in plant cells - ✔✔divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle
of cell
Growth factor - ✔✔A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates
other cells to divide
density-dependent inhibition - ✔✔The arrest of cell division occurs when cells
touch one another.
anchorage dependent - ✔✔The requirement that a cell must be attached to a
solid surface in order to initiate cell division.
Mutations - ✔✔changes in the genetic material
Deletion - ✔✔A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the
chromosome is removed.
Duplication - ✔✔When a fragment from one chromosome joins to a sister
chromatid or homologous chromosome
Inversion - ✔✔When a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in
the reverse direction
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©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
Questions Marking Scheme A+ Rated |
Latest Update
Ligands - ✔✔A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another
molecule.
Local Regulators - ✔✔A secreted molecule that influences cells near where it is
secreted.
Biotic - ✔✔Describes living factors in the environment.
Abiotic - ✔✔Non-living things
keystone species - ✔✔a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely
depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
analogous structures - ✔✔Body parts that share a common function, but not
structure
vestigial structures - ✔✔A structure that is present in an organism but no longer
serves its original purpose
homologous structures - ✔✔Structures in different species that are similar
because of common ancestry.
1|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,Positive Feedback - ✔✔A type of regulation that responds to a change in
conditions by initiating responses that will amplify the change. Takes organism
away from a steady state.
Negative Feedback - ✔✔A type of regulation that responds to a change in
conditions by initiating responses that will counteract the change. Maintains a
steady state.
Stimulus - ✔✔any event or situation that evokes a response
Stimuli - ✔✔Changes in the environment
Neurotransmitters - ✔✔Chemicals that transmit information from one neuron
to another
neurosecretory cells - ✔✔Neurons of the hypothalamus that secrete
neurohormone rather than neurotransmitter
Centromere - ✔✔the region of the chromosome that holds the two sister
chromatids together during mitosis
IPMAT-C - ✔✔Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and
Cytokinesis
Interphase - ✔✔Cell grows, performs its normal functions, and prepares for
division; consists of G1, S, and G2 phases
2|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
,G1 phase - ✔✔stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal
functions
G1 checkpoint - ✔✔checks to see if cell size is adequate; chromosomes
replication is successfully completed and checks for DNA errors
G0 phase - ✔✔A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle,
sometimes reversibly.
G2 phase - ✔✔The Second stage of interphase in which cell duplicates its cytosol
and organelles
G2 checkpoint - ✔✔The cell checks to make sure the DNA is copied correctly
Mitosis - ✔✔cell division in which the nucleus divides into nuclei containing the
same number of chromosomes
Prophase (mitosis) - ✔✔chromosomes condense and spindle apparatus begins
to form
Metaphase (mitosis) - ✔✔Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
Anaphase (Mitosis) - ✔✔cell elongates and sister chromatids are pulled apart
toward the poles
Telophase (mitosis) - ✔✔chromosomes begin to uncoil, spindles break down,
and new nuclear membrane forms.
3|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
, Cytokinesis in animal cells - ✔✔The cell membrane is drawn inward until the
cytoplasm is pinched into two nearly equal parts
cytokinesis in plant cells - ✔✔divide from inside out using a cell plate in middle
of cell
Growth factor - ✔✔A protein secreted by certain body cells that stimulates
other cells to divide
density-dependent inhibition - ✔✔The arrest of cell division occurs when cells
touch one another.
anchorage dependent - ✔✔The requirement that a cell must be attached to a
solid surface in order to initiate cell division.
Mutations - ✔✔changes in the genetic material
Deletion - ✔✔A change to a chromosome in which a fragment of the
chromosome is removed.
Duplication - ✔✔When a fragment from one chromosome joins to a sister
chromatid or homologous chromosome
Inversion - ✔✔When a fragment reattaches to the original chromosome but in
the reverse direction
4|Page
©NINJANERD 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025.
