ANP midterm 1 Exam with complete
solution 2025
anatomy .vs .physiology .- .ANS✓✓-anatomy: .the .study .of .the .structure .and
.relationships .between .body .parts
physiology: .the .science .of .how .those .parts .come .together .to .function .and .keep
.the .body .alive
-their .functions .are .dependant .on .the .structure. .their .connection .is .known .as
.the .principle .of .complementarity .of .structure .and .function
subdivisions .of .anatomy .and .how .to .study .them .- .ANS✓✓--microscopic
.anatomy: .structures .too .small .to .see .with .the .naked .eye, .the .two .fields .are:
.cytology .(study .of .cells) .and .histology .(study .of .tissues)
-developmental .anatomy: .studies .anatomy .and .physiology .throughout .life.
.(embryology .= .pre-birth .stage)
-macroscopic .anatomy: .study .of .large/visible .structures, .you .can .study .via;
.regional .anatomy .(studying .a .specific .region .of .the .body), .system .anatomy
.(study .of .body .systems), .and .surface .anatomy .(study .of .body .surfaces/what
.you .can .feel .is .how .you .study .it)
Structural .organization .of .human .body .- .ANS✓✓--Atoms: .building .blocks .of
.matter. .made .of .electrons, .protons .and .neutrons
-Molecules: .combination .of .atoms
-Organelles: .specific .ways .molecules .come .together .and .form .organelles
-Cells: .made .of .organelles. .they .are .fundamental .structuals .and .functional .unit
.of .living .things, .smallest .unit .that .can .sustain .life. .their .size .and .shape .vary
-Tissues: .formed .by .cells .that .have .specific .functions
-Organs: .formed .by .tissues, .2+ .but .usually .4
-Organ .system: .when .organs .work .together .towards .a .common .goal
Types .of .cells .- .ANS✓✓--Fibroblasts .and .erythrocytes: .cells .that .connect .body
.parts
-Epithelial .cells: .cover .and .line .organs
-Fat .cells: .store .nutrients
-Macrophage: .fight .disease
-Skeletal .and .smooth .muscle .cells: .move .organs .and .body .parts
-Nerve .cells: .gather .info .and .controls .body .functions
-Sperm: .reproduction .cells
Eukaryotic .cell .composition .- .ANS✓✓--Plasma .membrane
,-Cytoplasm: .contains .organelles
has .3 .parts:
.-cytosol: .the .fluid .(organelles .here)
.-inclusions: .molecules .that .are .storage
.-organelles: .2 .basic .types
.-membranous: .surrounded .by .a .membrane .(ex .mitochondria)
.-non-membranous: .non .surrounded
-nucleus: .contains .chromosomes, .intertwined .DNA .and .protein
-Cytoskeleton: .provides .cell .shape, .cytoskeleton .proteins:
.-microfilaments .- .smest .7nm
.-intermediates .- .md .10nm
.-microtubules .- .lgest .25nm
-Centrosome: .cell .center .(near .nucleus) .generates .microtubules, .organizes
.mitotic .spindle, .contains .paired .centrioles
-Centrioles: .form .basis .of .cilia .and .flagella
what .do .specialized .cells .do .- .ANS✓✓-each .cell .preforms .a .specific .function
.and .works .to .maintain .homeostasis
epithelial .tissue .- .ANS✓✓--Covering .and .lining .epithelial: .on .external .and
.internal .surfaces
-Glandular .epithelial: .secretory .tissue .in .gland .(ie .salivary .gland)
Basic .Info .of .Epithelial .Tissue .- .ANS✓✓--they .exhibit .polarity: .have .an .apical
.(often .contains .specialize .microvilli .or .cilia .to .aid .with .its .function) .not
.touching .anything .and .a .basal .surface.
-it .has .specialized .contacts .called .tight .junctions .and .desmosomes .(to .connect
.to .cell) .connects .to .basement .membrane .too
-avascular: .has .no .blood .vessels/its .own .blood .but .relies .on .the .adjacent .CT .to
.get .nutrients
-high .regenerative .capacity .- .cell .closest .to .basement .membrane .about .to
.undergo .mitosis .and .push .up .replacing .cells .on .apical .surface .that .die .w/o
.nutrients
simple .squamous .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--single .layer .cells .flattened .laterally .and
.cytoplasm .sparse
-function .where .rapid .diffusion .happens; .(kidney, .lung)
-2 .special .types
.-endothelium: .clinging .of .lymphatic .vessels, .blood .vessels .and .heart
.-mesothelium: .serous .membrane .in .the .ventral .body .cavity
simple .cuboidal .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--single .layer
-secretion .and .absorption .(ovaries)
-many .kidney .tubules, .thyroid .glands, .walls .of .small .ducts
simple .columnar .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--single .layer .of .tall .cells .that .are .closely
.packed
-absorption, .secretion .of .mucus .enzymes .and .others
-some .w/ .microvilli .or .cilia .(to .more .mucus)
, -lining .of .GI .tract, .gallbladder
pseudostratified .columnar .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--tissue .that .consists .of .a .single
.layer .of .irregularly .shaped .and .sized .cells .that .give .the .appearance .of .multiple
.layers; .found .in .ducts .of .certain .large .glands .and .the .respiratory .tract
-secretion .particularly .in .mucus .and .in .the .movement .of .mucus .via .cilia .
-nuclei .occurs .at .various .levels
stratified .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--2+ .layers .of .cells
-new .cells .generate .from .below .-basal .cells .divide .and .migrate .towards .surface
-more .durable .cuz .protection .is .major .roll
stratified .squamous .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓-Function: .protects .underlying .tissues
.in .areas .subject .to .abrasion
most .wide .spread
free .surface .(apical) .is .squamous .and .deeper .layer .are .cuboidal .or .columnar .
Location: .nonkeratinized .type .forms .the .moist .lining .of .the .esophagus, .mouth,
.and .vagina; .keratinized .type .forms .the .epidermis .of .the .skin, .a .dry .membrane.
transitional .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓-function: .stretches .readily .and .permits
.distension .of .urinary .organ .by .contained .urine
Location: .lines .the .ureters, .urinary .bladder, .and .part .of .the .urethra
in .relaxed .state .looks .cuboidal .stratified .epithelium, .stretched .state, .cells .look
.flatter
stratified .cuboidal .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓-Function: .protection
Location: .Largest .ducts .of .sweat .glands, .mammary .glands, .and .salivary .glands.
these .are .RARE
gland .- .ANS✓✓-1+ .cells .that .make .and .secrete .substances. .there .are .2 .types;
.exocrine .and .endocrine .(still .glandular .epithelium)
endocrine .glands .- .ANS✓✓-Glands .of .the .endocrine .system .that .release
.hormones .into .the .bloodstream
ductless
secretes .outside .body, .secretions .not .released .in .duct, .but .into .a .surrounding
.interstitial .fluid .which .is .then .picked .up .by .circulatory .system
secrete .hormones .via .exocytosis .-> .blood .takes .them .to .desired .organ
solution 2025
anatomy .vs .physiology .- .ANS✓✓-anatomy: .the .study .of .the .structure .and
.relationships .between .body .parts
physiology: .the .science .of .how .those .parts .come .together .to .function .and .keep
.the .body .alive
-their .functions .are .dependant .on .the .structure. .their .connection .is .known .as
.the .principle .of .complementarity .of .structure .and .function
subdivisions .of .anatomy .and .how .to .study .them .- .ANS✓✓--microscopic
.anatomy: .structures .too .small .to .see .with .the .naked .eye, .the .two .fields .are:
.cytology .(study .of .cells) .and .histology .(study .of .tissues)
-developmental .anatomy: .studies .anatomy .and .physiology .throughout .life.
.(embryology .= .pre-birth .stage)
-macroscopic .anatomy: .study .of .large/visible .structures, .you .can .study .via;
.regional .anatomy .(studying .a .specific .region .of .the .body), .system .anatomy
.(study .of .body .systems), .and .surface .anatomy .(study .of .body .surfaces/what
.you .can .feel .is .how .you .study .it)
Structural .organization .of .human .body .- .ANS✓✓--Atoms: .building .blocks .of
.matter. .made .of .electrons, .protons .and .neutrons
-Molecules: .combination .of .atoms
-Organelles: .specific .ways .molecules .come .together .and .form .organelles
-Cells: .made .of .organelles. .they .are .fundamental .structuals .and .functional .unit
.of .living .things, .smallest .unit .that .can .sustain .life. .their .size .and .shape .vary
-Tissues: .formed .by .cells .that .have .specific .functions
-Organs: .formed .by .tissues, .2+ .but .usually .4
-Organ .system: .when .organs .work .together .towards .a .common .goal
Types .of .cells .- .ANS✓✓--Fibroblasts .and .erythrocytes: .cells .that .connect .body
.parts
-Epithelial .cells: .cover .and .line .organs
-Fat .cells: .store .nutrients
-Macrophage: .fight .disease
-Skeletal .and .smooth .muscle .cells: .move .organs .and .body .parts
-Nerve .cells: .gather .info .and .controls .body .functions
-Sperm: .reproduction .cells
Eukaryotic .cell .composition .- .ANS✓✓--Plasma .membrane
,-Cytoplasm: .contains .organelles
has .3 .parts:
.-cytosol: .the .fluid .(organelles .here)
.-inclusions: .molecules .that .are .storage
.-organelles: .2 .basic .types
.-membranous: .surrounded .by .a .membrane .(ex .mitochondria)
.-non-membranous: .non .surrounded
-nucleus: .contains .chromosomes, .intertwined .DNA .and .protein
-Cytoskeleton: .provides .cell .shape, .cytoskeleton .proteins:
.-microfilaments .- .smest .7nm
.-intermediates .- .md .10nm
.-microtubules .- .lgest .25nm
-Centrosome: .cell .center .(near .nucleus) .generates .microtubules, .organizes
.mitotic .spindle, .contains .paired .centrioles
-Centrioles: .form .basis .of .cilia .and .flagella
what .do .specialized .cells .do .- .ANS✓✓-each .cell .preforms .a .specific .function
.and .works .to .maintain .homeostasis
epithelial .tissue .- .ANS✓✓--Covering .and .lining .epithelial: .on .external .and
.internal .surfaces
-Glandular .epithelial: .secretory .tissue .in .gland .(ie .salivary .gland)
Basic .Info .of .Epithelial .Tissue .- .ANS✓✓--they .exhibit .polarity: .have .an .apical
.(often .contains .specialize .microvilli .or .cilia .to .aid .with .its .function) .not
.touching .anything .and .a .basal .surface.
-it .has .specialized .contacts .called .tight .junctions .and .desmosomes .(to .connect
.to .cell) .connects .to .basement .membrane .too
-avascular: .has .no .blood .vessels/its .own .blood .but .relies .on .the .adjacent .CT .to
.get .nutrients
-high .regenerative .capacity .- .cell .closest .to .basement .membrane .about .to
.undergo .mitosis .and .push .up .replacing .cells .on .apical .surface .that .die .w/o
.nutrients
simple .squamous .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--single .layer .cells .flattened .laterally .and
.cytoplasm .sparse
-function .where .rapid .diffusion .happens; .(kidney, .lung)
-2 .special .types
.-endothelium: .clinging .of .lymphatic .vessels, .blood .vessels .and .heart
.-mesothelium: .serous .membrane .in .the .ventral .body .cavity
simple .cuboidal .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--single .layer
-secretion .and .absorption .(ovaries)
-many .kidney .tubules, .thyroid .glands, .walls .of .small .ducts
simple .columnar .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--single .layer .of .tall .cells .that .are .closely
.packed
-absorption, .secretion .of .mucus .enzymes .and .others
-some .w/ .microvilli .or .cilia .(to .more .mucus)
, -lining .of .GI .tract, .gallbladder
pseudostratified .columnar .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--tissue .that .consists .of .a .single
.layer .of .irregularly .shaped .and .sized .cells .that .give .the .appearance .of .multiple
.layers; .found .in .ducts .of .certain .large .glands .and .the .respiratory .tract
-secretion .particularly .in .mucus .and .in .the .movement .of .mucus .via .cilia .
-nuclei .occurs .at .various .levels
stratified .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓--2+ .layers .of .cells
-new .cells .generate .from .below .-basal .cells .divide .and .migrate .towards .surface
-more .durable .cuz .protection .is .major .roll
stratified .squamous .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓-Function: .protects .underlying .tissues
.in .areas .subject .to .abrasion
most .wide .spread
free .surface .(apical) .is .squamous .and .deeper .layer .are .cuboidal .or .columnar .
Location: .nonkeratinized .type .forms .the .moist .lining .of .the .esophagus, .mouth,
.and .vagina; .keratinized .type .forms .the .epidermis .of .the .skin, .a .dry .membrane.
transitional .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓-function: .stretches .readily .and .permits
.distension .of .urinary .organ .by .contained .urine
Location: .lines .the .ureters, .urinary .bladder, .and .part .of .the .urethra
in .relaxed .state .looks .cuboidal .stratified .epithelium, .stretched .state, .cells .look
.flatter
stratified .cuboidal .epithelium .- .ANS✓✓-Function: .protection
Location: .Largest .ducts .of .sweat .glands, .mammary .glands, .and .salivary .glands.
these .are .RARE
gland .- .ANS✓✓-1+ .cells .that .make .and .secrete .substances. .there .are .2 .types;
.exocrine .and .endocrine .(still .glandular .epithelium)
endocrine .glands .- .ANS✓✓-Glands .of .the .endocrine .system .that .release
.hormones .into .the .bloodstream
ductless
secretes .outside .body, .secretions .not .released .in .duct, .but .into .a .surrounding
.interstitial .fluid .which .is .then .picked .up .by .circulatory .system
secrete .hormones .via .exocytosis .-> .blood .takes .them .to .desired .organ
