NR507 FINAL 2024- 2025 450 QUESTIONS
AND DETAILED ANSWERS UPDATED
GRADED A+
1. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures:: -wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron
activity in the entire cerebral cortex
-occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy
-excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.
2. Generalized tonic seizures:: this seizure is characterized by
unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.
3. Post-ictal phase: (lasts one to two hours): characterized by confusion,
unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
-Following the post-ictal state, there will be a return to normal state of
consciousness 4. Clonic phase: (lasts one minute): continuous discharge of
neurons gets interrupted.
-characterized by small durations of relaxation, occur because of inhibitory
mechanisms of the brain to try to control the wide-spread neuronal activity
-patient will exhibit spasms and jerking, perceived as violent shaking of muscles.
5. Generalized clonic seizures:: this seizure is characterized by muscle
spasms.
6. Generalized absence seizure:: -common in children
-caused by a genetic abnormality
-characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness without muscle tone
-last for only a few seconds
-no associated post-ictal confusion.
7. Wide variety of options available, is based on needs of the patient:
Anticonvulsants
8. Removes the cause of the seizure: Surgery
9. Ketogenic diet: Produces energy other than glucose to be used by the brain
10. Nerve stimulation: Controls the seizure by influencing neurotransmitter
release
, NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fp1l5v
11. An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will
_______: have no impairment of consciousness
12. Febrile seizures most often ___________ medication as they
___________.: do not need, resolve on their own.
13. Tonic-clonic phase results in:: 1. The muscles of the body become
contracted.
without any relaxation. 2.
Loss of consciousness.
3. Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the
laryngeal muscles and muscles of expiration.
4. Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
5. Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
6. Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and blood
pressure
14. Tonic-clonic phase lasts __________: 10-20 seconds
15. Tonic-clonic phase is due to __________________: the excessive
discharge of neurons in the motor nerves
16. Underlying cause of BPH: 5delta-reductace activity increases with age
-increases dihydrotestosterone levels
-normal prostate cells respond to the increase in dihydrotestosterone levels by
living longer and multiplying
17. acute kidney injury/acute renal failure: sudden loss of kidney function
Reversible S/S:
-oliguria (<30mL/hr)
-increased BUN & creatinine
-fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
18. Prerenal: Most common type of Acute Renal Failure
Sudden & severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys
from severe injury or illness
-causes: hypotension, decreased CO, decreased blood volume
19. Intrarenal (intrinsic): Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins,
drugs, infection, or decreased blood supply.
-Causes: acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis, and other
glomerulopathies
, NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fp1l5v
.
20. Postrenal: Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney
stones, bladder tumors, or injury. 21. Prerenal labs: -increased creatinine
-increased BUN
-increased BUN/creatinine ratio 20:1
-concentrated urine (high osmolarity)
22. Intrinsic renal failure labs: -increased creatining
-increased BUN
-BUN/creatinine ratio <15:1
-dilute urine
23. Best way to differentiate between prerenal and intrinsic renal failure:
BUN/creatinine ratio
24. Most common damage to the kidneys in intrinsic (intrinsic) renal disease
is ___________: tubular (85%) others are:
glomerular (5%)
interstitial (8%)
vascular (<2%) 25
Chronic Kidney
Disease (CKD):
Progressive loss of
renal function that can
develop as a
complication of
unresolved AKI or
systemic diseases,
including HTN, DM
(most significant risk
factor), SLE or intrinsic
kidney disease.
26. Risk factor for development of UTI: Pregnancy
27. Help prevent a UTI: Increase water consumption
28. Complicated UTI can be caused by ____: a structural urinary tract disorder
29. a symptom of a lower urinary tract infection: urgency
30. UTI's are more common for ______: women, especially when: -sexually
active
, NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fp1l5v
-pregnant
-during post-menopause with estrogen deficiency
-being treated with antibiotics (normal flora diminished)
31. Lower UTI: Cystitis 32. Lower UTI s/s: urgency burning frequency dysuria
suprapubic pain cloudy urine odorous urine
33. acute pyelonephritis: Upper UTI
•Specific diagnosis is established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
34. Upper UTI s/s: symptoms associated with cystitis fever flank pain
costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness
N&V
malaise
signs of shock if infection entered circulation
classic triad (vomiting, flank pain, fever)
35. pyelonephritis classic triad: vomiting, flank pain, fever
36. Urine sample to determine lower vs. upper UTI: Lower (cystitis)
-WBC > 5,000/hpf -
hematuria
Upper (Pyelonephritis)
-WBC > 100,000/hpf
-WBC Casts
37. uncomplicated UTI: -occurs in the normal urinary tract
-simple cystitis in non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
-respond well to a short course of antibiotic therapy
38. Complicated UTI: -a UTI that extends beyond the bladder
- caused by structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or untreated UTI
-infants and older adults affected
-associated with: indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
39. Cystitis identified, red excoriated skin, frequency, dribbling, catheter
inserted. 2 days later: fever, chills, odor, flank pain, nitrites, RBCs, WBC
AND DETAILED ANSWERS UPDATED
GRADED A+
1. Generalized tonic-clonic seizures:: -wide-spread and uncontrolled neuron
activity in the entire cerebral cortex
-occur in 10% of patients who have epilepsy
-excessive neuronal discharge in the motor nerves through the brain.
2. Generalized tonic seizures:: this seizure is characterized by
unconsciousness and muscle rigidity.
3. Post-ictal phase: (lasts one to two hours): characterized by confusion,
unresponsiveness and muscle flaccidity.
-Following the post-ictal state, there will be a return to normal state of
consciousness 4. Clonic phase: (lasts one minute): continuous discharge of
neurons gets interrupted.
-characterized by small durations of relaxation, occur because of inhibitory
mechanisms of the brain to try to control the wide-spread neuronal activity
-patient will exhibit spasms and jerking, perceived as violent shaking of muscles.
5. Generalized clonic seizures:: this seizure is characterized by muscle
spasms.
6. Generalized absence seizure:: -common in children
-caused by a genetic abnormality
-characterized by sudden and brief loss of consciousness without muscle tone
-last for only a few seconds
-no associated post-ictal confusion.
7. Wide variety of options available, is based on needs of the patient:
Anticonvulsants
8. Removes the cause of the seizure: Surgery
9. Ketogenic diet: Produces energy other than glucose to be used by the brain
10. Nerve stimulation: Controls the seizure by influencing neurotransmitter
release
, NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fp1l5v
11. An individual having a focal seizure without dyscognitive features will
_______: have no impairment of consciousness
12. Febrile seizures most often ___________ medication as they
___________.: do not need, resolve on their own.
13. Tonic-clonic phase results in:: 1. The muscles of the body become
contracted.
without any relaxation. 2.
Loss of consciousness.
3. Ictal cry. This is a typical sound produced by the tonic contractions of the
laryngeal muscles and muscles of expiration.
4. Respiratory impairment that results in cyanosis.
5. Tonic contraction of the jaw muscles that can cause tongue biting.
6. Increased sympathetic activity. This will cause increased heart rate and blood
pressure
14. Tonic-clonic phase lasts __________: 10-20 seconds
15. Tonic-clonic phase is due to __________________: the excessive
discharge of neurons in the motor nerves
16. Underlying cause of BPH: 5delta-reductace activity increases with age
-increases dihydrotestosterone levels
-normal prostate cells respond to the increase in dihydrotestosterone levels by
living longer and multiplying
17. acute kidney injury/acute renal failure: sudden loss of kidney function
Reversible S/S:
-oliguria (<30mL/hr)
-increased BUN & creatinine
-fluid & electrolyte abnormalities
18. Prerenal: Most common type of Acute Renal Failure
Sudden & severe drop in BP (shock) or interruption of blood flow to the kidneys
from severe injury or illness
-causes: hypotension, decreased CO, decreased blood volume
19. Intrarenal (intrinsic): Direct damage to the kidneys by inflammation, toxins,
drugs, infection, or decreased blood supply.
-Causes: acute tubular necrosis (ATN), acute glomerulonephritis, and other
glomerulopathies
, NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fp1l5v
.
20. Postrenal: Sudden obstruction of urine flow due to enlarged prostate, kidney
stones, bladder tumors, or injury. 21. Prerenal labs: -increased creatinine
-increased BUN
-increased BUN/creatinine ratio 20:1
-concentrated urine (high osmolarity)
22. Intrinsic renal failure labs: -increased creatining
-increased BUN
-BUN/creatinine ratio <15:1
-dilute urine
23. Best way to differentiate between prerenal and intrinsic renal failure:
BUN/creatinine ratio
24. Most common damage to the kidneys in intrinsic (intrinsic) renal disease
is ___________: tubular (85%) others are:
glomerular (5%)
interstitial (8%)
vascular (<2%) 25
Chronic Kidney
Disease (CKD):
Progressive loss of
renal function that can
develop as a
complication of
unresolved AKI or
systemic diseases,
including HTN, DM
(most significant risk
factor), SLE or intrinsic
kidney disease.
26. Risk factor for development of UTI: Pregnancy
27. Help prevent a UTI: Increase water consumption
28. Complicated UTI can be caused by ____: a structural urinary tract disorder
29. a symptom of a lower urinary tract infection: urgency
30. UTI's are more common for ______: women, especially when: -sexually
active
, NR507 Final
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_fp1l5v
-pregnant
-during post-menopause with estrogen deficiency
-being treated with antibiotics (normal flora diminished)
31. Lower UTI: Cystitis 32. Lower UTI s/s: urgency burning frequency dysuria
suprapubic pain cloudy urine odorous urine
33. acute pyelonephritis: Upper UTI
•Specific diagnosis is established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
34. Upper UTI s/s: symptoms associated with cystitis fever flank pain
costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness
N&V
malaise
signs of shock if infection entered circulation
classic triad (vomiting, flank pain, fever)
35. pyelonephritis classic triad: vomiting, flank pain, fever
36. Urine sample to determine lower vs. upper UTI: Lower (cystitis)
-WBC > 5,000/hpf -
hematuria
Upper (Pyelonephritis)
-WBC > 100,000/hpf
-WBC Casts
37. uncomplicated UTI: -occurs in the normal urinary tract
-simple cystitis in non-pregnant women without any urologic abnormalities
-respond well to a short course of antibiotic therapy
38. Complicated UTI: -a UTI that extends beyond the bladder
- caused by structural or functional urinary tract abnormalities or untreated UTI
-infants and older adults affected
-associated with: indwelling catheters, renal calculi, diabetes, pregnancy
39. Cystitis identified, red excoriated skin, frequency, dribbling, catheter
inserted. 2 days later: fever, chills, odor, flank pain, nitrites, RBCs, WBC
