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Structure of the Nervous
System: Functional Anatomy
(Midbrain and Hindbrain)
Created @January 21, 2025 2:54 PM
Class Principles to Neuroscience and Pharmacology
The Diencephalon
Located near the brain’s midline but above the midbrain
Contains thalamic structures
Thalamus
Functions as relay station for sensory impulses (Except smell) to the
cerebral cortex
Pain, temperature, touch and pressure are relayed to the thalamus as
part of its journey to the cerebral cortex higher centers
Peripheral sensations are processed here with its emotions and
memories of those emotions
Hypothalamus
Located below the Thalamus
Collection of neurochemically distinct nuclei
Maintains homeostasis by using neurochemicals and hormones
Homeostatic Functions
Controls the Autonomic Nervous System
Structure of the Nervous System: Functional Anatomy (Midbrain and Hindbrain) 1
, Coordinates between nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates body temperature
Controls hunger and thirst
Regulates biological activity and helps with the body’s circadian clock
Brain Stem
Higher than but is an extension of the spinal cord
Represents a group of anatomical components
Structure
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata (Medulla)
Starts at the pons inferior border and reaches into the foramen
magnum
Has all ascending and descending tracts between spinal cord and
cerebrum
Contains nuclei
Contains pyramids created by the body’s biggest motor tracts
Axons from left pyramid cross to the right and right axons cross to
the left, allows the brain’s left hemisphere to control side muscles
on the right and the right hemisphere to control the left side
Vital centers regulated by medulla
Cardiovascular, controls heart rate and force of each heart
beat along with blood vessel diameters
Respiratory rhythmicity center, controls breathing rate and
rhythm
Structure of the Nervous System: Functional Anatomy (Midbrain and Hindbrain) 2
Structure of the Nervous
System: Functional Anatomy
(Midbrain and Hindbrain)
Created @January 21, 2025 2:54 PM
Class Principles to Neuroscience and Pharmacology
The Diencephalon
Located near the brain’s midline but above the midbrain
Contains thalamic structures
Thalamus
Functions as relay station for sensory impulses (Except smell) to the
cerebral cortex
Pain, temperature, touch and pressure are relayed to the thalamus as
part of its journey to the cerebral cortex higher centers
Peripheral sensations are processed here with its emotions and
memories of those emotions
Hypothalamus
Located below the Thalamus
Collection of neurochemically distinct nuclei
Maintains homeostasis by using neurochemicals and hormones
Homeostatic Functions
Controls the Autonomic Nervous System
Structure of the Nervous System: Functional Anatomy (Midbrain and Hindbrain) 1
, Coordinates between nervous and endocrine systems
Regulates body temperature
Controls hunger and thirst
Regulates biological activity and helps with the body’s circadian clock
Brain Stem
Higher than but is an extension of the spinal cord
Represents a group of anatomical components
Structure
Midbrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata (Medulla)
Starts at the pons inferior border and reaches into the foramen
magnum
Has all ascending and descending tracts between spinal cord and
cerebrum
Contains nuclei
Contains pyramids created by the body’s biggest motor tracts
Axons from left pyramid cross to the right and right axons cross to
the left, allows the brain’s left hemisphere to control side muscles
on the right and the right hemisphere to control the left side
Vital centers regulated by medulla
Cardiovascular, controls heart rate and force of each heart
beat along with blood vessel diameters
Respiratory rhythmicity center, controls breathing rate and
rhythm
Structure of the Nervous System: Functional Anatomy (Midbrain and Hindbrain) 2
