CLTM Stack 1 Exam Questions and
Answers
Kindling - Answer-Developmental of epileptic seizures (in rats) that results from repeated focal
stimulation and leads to the development of a predisposition to epileptiform convulsions
Just as a large log will not burn unless kindled, the theory suggests epilepsy requires a similar kind of
kindling by a sequential series of small electrical stimuli
BAER - Answer-Brainstem auditory evoked response (also called BAEP brainstem auditory evoked
potentials).
Useful in diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors, multiple sclerosis, brainstem lesions, metabolic
and toxic encephalopathies, and early prediction of outcome in postraumatic coma.
AED - Answer-Antiepileptic drug
SUDEP - Answer-Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Most important, direct epilepsy-related cause of death, and excludes deaths resulting from status
epilepticus
,Describe a spike - Answer-Transient, clearly distinguishable from background activity with pointed peak
and a duration: <70 ms
Describe a sharp wave - Answer-Transient, clearly distinguishable from background activity with pointed
peak and a duration of 70-200ms
Describe a Slow Wave - Answer-Best described in frequency (3-5hz) or according to frequency bands it
occupies (theta, delta activity)
Decreases in prominence with age
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - Answer-Concept that an actively discharging epileptiform region may
induce similar paroxysmal behavior in a homologous site
Related to the kindling phenomena that occur through interhemispheric callosal or commissural
connections. it means that secondary epileptogenic foci develop in the contralateral hemispheric by the
corpus callosum
Aura - Answer-Initial sensation of a seizure that the patient is aware of in the absence of observable
signs. Provides localizing information in some cases. Precedes temporal lobe seizures in many cases.
What is the principle of beneficence - Answer-an ethical principle that addresses the idea that a medical
professionals actions should promote good by having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any
treatment. Actions remove harm in any situation and should advocate for high standards for the greater
good.
qEEG - Answer-Quantitative EEG allows for visualization of up to several hours of EEG data in a single
screen display. Commonly referred to as 'trend analysis'. qEEG trending for seizure detection is based
on; amplitude, frequency, rhythmicity, and degree of asymmetry
, Coup and Contracoup - Answer-Closed head injury / whiplash. A coup injury is when the brain area
damaged is on the same side as the external force of injury.
Contracoup is when the brain injury is contralateral to the external force of injury. The brain moves
away from the external object along with the head, but the brain eventually impacts the side of the
skull, causing damage.
For neonates, how is the postmenstrual age (PMA) determined/calculated? - Answer-PMA = gestational
age, measured from the time of the last menstrual period and chronological age.
Term = 37 up to 44 weeks of PMA
Preterm = <37 weeks of PMA
Post-term = 44 to 48 weeks of PMA
At what conceptional age do active (REM) and quiet (non-REM) stages of sleep begin to emerge in the
EEG of neonates?
a. Less than 29 weeks
b. 30-32 weeks
c. 33-34 weeks
d. At 35 weeks - Answer-b. 30-32 weeks. At this age, wakefulness and active sleep may be differentiated
electrographically from quiet sleep, but much is still considered transitional.
What is the fastest growing epilepsy population? - Answer-Elderly
What is the most common cause of seizures in neonates? Elderly? - Answer-Neonates: HIE
Elderly: Cerebrovascular disease. Especially acute hemorrhagic stroke
At what age do most children reach a PDR of 8 Hz? - Answer-36 Months
Answers
Kindling - Answer-Developmental of epileptic seizures (in rats) that results from repeated focal
stimulation and leads to the development of a predisposition to epileptiform convulsions
Just as a large log will not burn unless kindled, the theory suggests epilepsy requires a similar kind of
kindling by a sequential series of small electrical stimuli
BAER - Answer-Brainstem auditory evoked response (also called BAEP brainstem auditory evoked
potentials).
Useful in diagnosis of cerebellopontine angle tumors, multiple sclerosis, brainstem lesions, metabolic
and toxic encephalopathies, and early prediction of outcome in postraumatic coma.
AED - Answer-Antiepileptic drug
SUDEP - Answer-Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy
Most important, direct epilepsy-related cause of death, and excludes deaths resulting from status
epilepticus
,Describe a spike - Answer-Transient, clearly distinguishable from background activity with pointed peak
and a duration: <70 ms
Describe a sharp wave - Answer-Transient, clearly distinguishable from background activity with pointed
peak and a duration of 70-200ms
Describe a Slow Wave - Answer-Best described in frequency (3-5hz) or according to frequency bands it
occupies (theta, delta activity)
Decreases in prominence with age
Mirror Focus Phenomenon - Answer-Concept that an actively discharging epileptiform region may
induce similar paroxysmal behavior in a homologous site
Related to the kindling phenomena that occur through interhemispheric callosal or commissural
connections. it means that secondary epileptogenic foci develop in the contralateral hemispheric by the
corpus callosum
Aura - Answer-Initial sensation of a seizure that the patient is aware of in the absence of observable
signs. Provides localizing information in some cases. Precedes temporal lobe seizures in many cases.
What is the principle of beneficence - Answer-an ethical principle that addresses the idea that a medical
professionals actions should promote good by having the welfare of the patient as a goal of any
treatment. Actions remove harm in any situation and should advocate for high standards for the greater
good.
qEEG - Answer-Quantitative EEG allows for visualization of up to several hours of EEG data in a single
screen display. Commonly referred to as 'trend analysis'. qEEG trending for seizure detection is based
on; amplitude, frequency, rhythmicity, and degree of asymmetry
, Coup and Contracoup - Answer-Closed head injury / whiplash. A coup injury is when the brain area
damaged is on the same side as the external force of injury.
Contracoup is when the brain injury is contralateral to the external force of injury. The brain moves
away from the external object along with the head, but the brain eventually impacts the side of the
skull, causing damage.
For neonates, how is the postmenstrual age (PMA) determined/calculated? - Answer-PMA = gestational
age, measured from the time of the last menstrual period and chronological age.
Term = 37 up to 44 weeks of PMA
Preterm = <37 weeks of PMA
Post-term = 44 to 48 weeks of PMA
At what conceptional age do active (REM) and quiet (non-REM) stages of sleep begin to emerge in the
EEG of neonates?
a. Less than 29 weeks
b. 30-32 weeks
c. 33-34 weeks
d. At 35 weeks - Answer-b. 30-32 weeks. At this age, wakefulness and active sleep may be differentiated
electrographically from quiet sleep, but much is still considered transitional.
What is the fastest growing epilepsy population? - Answer-Elderly
What is the most common cause of seizures in neonates? Elderly? - Answer-Neonates: HIE
Elderly: Cerebrovascular disease. Especially acute hemorrhagic stroke
At what age do most children reach a PDR of 8 Hz? - Answer-36 Months
