BLD 204 EXAM 1 ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Pathology
Science of the cause and effect of disease
Hypertrophy
Increased cell/organ size in response to stress
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells
Atrophy
Cells shrink by loss of cell substance
Metaplasia
Reversible change of one adult cell type is replaced by another
Etiology
Causes of disease
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms of disease
Diagnosis
Deciding what the disease is
Prognosis
Results of the disease
Theranosis
How to treat the disease
,Disease
Injury or stress at the cellular level that lead to structural and functional changes that
can cause symptoms of the disease
Homeostasis
Change and maintenance of cellular functions
Stress
Anything that disrupts the homeostatic balance
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency
Chemical Damages (Toxins)
Substances that cause damage to cells (often membrane damage)
Genetics
Congenital or later mutations
Physical Damage
Damage caused by an outside action of the physical world
Irradiation
Varying degrees of damage from radiation based on strength and duration of dose as
well as location of exposure
Aging
Results in cells that are less able to respond to damage
Infections
Caused by viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites and bacteria
ATP Depletion Causes
, Oxidative phosphorylation - dysfunction caused by hypoxia, mitochondrial damage, and
toxins
ATP Depletion Consequences
-Na+ pumps don't function -> cell swelling and ER dilation
-Increased anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acid build up
-Ca++ pumps fail -> Ca++ influx
-Disrupted protein synthesis
Mitochondrial Damage Causes
Damaged by hypoxia, toxins, and radiation
Mitochondrial Damage Consequences
-ATP depletion
-ROS increase -> oxidative stress
-Increased mito men permeability
-Apoptosis
ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species
Ischemia
DETAILED COMPLETE SOLUTIONS GRADED A++
Pathology
Science of the cause and effect of disease
Hypertrophy
Increased cell/organ size in response to stress
Hyperplasia
Increase in the number of cells
Atrophy
Cells shrink by loss of cell substance
Metaplasia
Reversible change of one adult cell type is replaced by another
Etiology
Causes of disease
Pathogenesis
Mechanisms of disease
Diagnosis
Deciding what the disease is
Prognosis
Results of the disease
Theranosis
How to treat the disease
,Disease
Injury or stress at the cellular level that lead to structural and functional changes that
can cause symptoms of the disease
Homeostasis
Change and maintenance of cellular functions
Stress
Anything that disrupts the homeostatic balance
Hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency
Chemical Damages (Toxins)
Substances that cause damage to cells (often membrane damage)
Genetics
Congenital or later mutations
Physical Damage
Damage caused by an outside action of the physical world
Irradiation
Varying degrees of damage from radiation based on strength and duration of dose as
well as location of exposure
Aging
Results in cells that are less able to respond to damage
Infections
Caused by viruses, fungi, protozoa, parasites and bacteria
ATP Depletion Causes
, Oxidative phosphorylation - dysfunction caused by hypoxia, mitochondrial damage, and
toxins
ATP Depletion Consequences
-Na+ pumps don't function -> cell swelling and ER dilation
-Increased anaerobic glycolysis -> lactic acid build up
-Ca++ pumps fail -> Ca++ influx
-Disrupted protein synthesis
Mitochondrial Damage Causes
Damaged by hypoxia, toxins, and radiation
Mitochondrial Damage Consequences
-ATP depletion
-ROS increase -> oxidative stress
-Increased mito men permeability
-Apoptosis
ROS
Reactive Oxygen Species
Ischemia
