NURS 530 Advanced Pathophysiology: Chapter 1
1. 2 major classes of cells: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryote Examples: animal cells, plant cells, single-celled organisms, fungi
and protozoa
3. Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes: Eukaryotes-found in
multicellular organisms, larger, contain a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotes-single celled organisms, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles.
4. Prokaryote Example: Bacteria (Exs. E. Coli. and Rickettsiae), Cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae), and Archaea
5. Differentiation AKA maturation: process through which cells become
specialized
6. 8 chief cellular functions: 1. movement 2. conductivity 3. metabolic absorption
4. secretion 5. excretion 6. respiration 7. reproduction 8. communication
7. 3 parts of eukaryotic cell: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
8. nucleus primary functions: cell division and control of genetic information
(also replication/repair/transcription of DNA)
9. Cytosol: fills 1/2 volume of eukaryotic cell (55%)
10. storage unit for fat, carbohydrate and secretory vesicles: cytosol
11. ribosomes: provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
12. endoplasmic reticulum (ER): membrane factory that specializes in the
synthesis/transport of proteins/lipids
13. Rough ER: ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein particles are attached
14. ER 3D protein folding can be affected by:: viral infections, environmental
toxins, mutant protein expression, cell stress, mutations and random errors
15. Smooth ER: does NOT contain ribosomes or ribonucleoprotein particles.
DOES contain enzymes involved in steroid synthesis
16. Golgi Apparatus: network of flattened, smooth membranes where proteins
from ER are processed and packaged into secretory vesicles.
17. Golgi Complex: refining plant/directs traffic
18. Lysosomes: contains >40 digestive enzymes, function as intracellular
digestive system
19. Pompe Disease: accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes
20. Lysosomal storage diseases: Pompe Disease, Tay-Sachs, Gout
21. Gout: undigested uric acid accumulates within lysosomes
22. autodigestion: as cells completed their life span and die, lysosomes digest
the resultant cellular debris
1. 2 major classes of cells: Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
2. Eukaryote Examples: animal cells, plant cells, single-celled organisms, fungi
and protozoa
3. Difference between Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes: Eukaryotes-found in
multicellular organisms, larger, contain a nucleus and organelles.
Prokaryotes-single celled organisms, smaller, no nucleus, no organelles.
4. Prokaryote Example: Bacteria (Exs. E. Coli. and Rickettsiae), Cyanobacteria
(blue-green algae), and Archaea
5. Differentiation AKA maturation: process through which cells become
specialized
6. 8 chief cellular functions: 1. movement 2. conductivity 3. metabolic absorption
4. secretion 5. excretion 6. respiration 7. reproduction 8. communication
7. 3 parts of eukaryotic cell: plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles
8. nucleus primary functions: cell division and control of genetic information
(also replication/repair/transcription of DNA)
9. Cytosol: fills 1/2 volume of eukaryotic cell (55%)
10. storage unit for fat, carbohydrate and secretory vesicles: cytosol
11. ribosomes: provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
12. endoplasmic reticulum (ER): membrane factory that specializes in the
synthesis/transport of proteins/lipids
13. Rough ER: ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein particles are attached
14. ER 3D protein folding can be affected by:: viral infections, environmental
toxins, mutant protein expression, cell stress, mutations and random errors
15. Smooth ER: does NOT contain ribosomes or ribonucleoprotein particles.
DOES contain enzymes involved in steroid synthesis
16. Golgi Apparatus: network of flattened, smooth membranes where proteins
from ER are processed and packaged into secretory vesicles.
17. Golgi Complex: refining plant/directs traffic
18. Lysosomes: contains >40 digestive enzymes, function as intracellular
digestive system
19. Pompe Disease: accumulation of glycogen in lysosomes
20. Lysosomal storage diseases: Pompe Disease, Tay-Sachs, Gout
21. Gout: undigested uric acid accumulates within lysosomes
22. autodigestion: as cells completed their life span and die, lysosomes digest
the resultant cellular debris
