BIO 669 Quiz 1 Latest 2025 Questions and Answers GUARANTEED GRADE A+

BIO 669 Quiz 1 Latest 2025 Questions and Answers GUARANTEED GRADE A+ papiliedema indicates increased intracranial pressure Hypocalcemia w neuromuscular excitability & spasms, intestinal cramping and tingling Na+ is mostly found in extracellular fluid Colloid osmotic pressure is created by protein in fluid Hypocalcemia effects neuromuscular system by increase neuromuscular excitability The law of mass action dictates that if CO2 levels in the tissue or blood rise, the equilibrium will shift toward Increasing levels of H+ and HCO3- What is the next step dealing with pathogens or debris after the phagosome formed fusion with the lysosome The most common type of leukocyte and predominates in early inflammatory response neutrophil Bradykinin has effect that are most similar to those of histamine Are small secreted intercellular signaling molecules that are responsible for the inflammatory response Cytokines Infants are at greater risk of dehydration because they, relative to adults: have a greater surface area and high percentage of body weight as water Interstitial fluid would be considered extracellular fluid The fluid exchange between the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary bed in tissues such as muscle and skin results in all of the fluid that leaked capillary being retained in within the vessels with no net loss of fluids False Chloride ion (Cl-) has an equilibrium potential nearly the same as the resting potential. As a result, at resting membrane potential chloride ion will move Equally in both direction Aspirin and other NSAIDs work by blocking and enzyme critical in the formation of Prostaglandins Tumor necrosis factor alpha is secreted in response to Toll-like receptors activation and has all of the following effect except Suppress growth of lymphocytes and reduce production of proinflammatory cyotkins Not associated with chronic inflammation serous exudate Exudate found early in inflammatory and is watery serous Hyperkalemia will result in peaked T-waves and early neuromuscular excitability Of the amount of water that is found outside of the cell extracellular, how much is found in the intravascular space 1/4 The type of leukocyte most associated with allergic response in parasite infection Eosinophil Carbon dioxide is an important molecule produced through many metabolic processes in order to remove excess CO2, the body transports most of the CO2 form of HCO3 Bicarb Increased capillary permeability will result in Increased loss of fluids, as proteins also leave, from vessels Starling forces affect the movement of fluid between the plasma and interstitial space. Which of the following, when increased, will promote a shift from the plasma into the interstitial space? Interstitial oncotic pressure and plasma hydrostatic pressure A rise in H+ levels in the blood (acidosis) will result in ____ levels of CO2 and will be compensated by ____ breathing rate Increase; Increased Leukotrienes are similar to histamine in function, but differ in that leukotrienes effects start slower and last longer Which of the following is a sentinal cell that constantly checks the environment in peripheral organs and skin, then moves to the lymph nodes upon detecting potential pathogens? Dendritic cell Which of the following is NOT and example of active immunity? Protection from infection of an infant through breastfeeding ADH is released in response to _______ and results in _______ Dehydration, increased water retention Which of the following is likely an effect of hypercalcemia? Bradycardia Which of the following is NOT a circulating plasma protein system related to the inflammatory response? Granuloma Which of the following is NOT a feature of adaptive immune system? All of the above are features of adaptive immunity Hypernatremia will result in: An increase in blood pressure and cell excitability The RAAS system when activates will ultimately result in the _____ through effects on the kidneys Retention of Na, water and loss of K+ A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma (as seen in some kidney and liver diseases) will result in: A decrease in plasma oncotic pressure C3a is capable of inducing degranulation of mast cells and rapidly inducing an increase in vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, this it is an Anaphylotoxin The ion that is best represented by the following concentrations, 150 mM extracellular and 15mM intracellular is Na+ How much of the water found in our bodies is intracellular? 2/3 A keloid is A hypertrophic scar that extends well beyond the initial wound A lowering of blood pH due to an increase in blood levels of keto acids, such as found in diabetic ketoacidosis, would be an example of: Metabolic acidosis Hypotonic hyponatremia will have all of the following effects EXCEPT increased blood pressure/volume pH can have a significant impact on the effectiveness of local anesthetics because the pH will help determine how much of the local anesthetic is in a charged or uncharged state. true A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma (as seen in some kidney and liver diseases) will result in: A shift of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial fluid What are the two most important intracellular buffers? phosphate/proteins Thirst prompts fluid intake through action of ________ located in the __________. osmoreceptors/hypothalamus Fluid distribution Movement of fluids within the body Composition of fluids The electrolytes present in fluids Electrolytes Key ions that affect cell function Extracellular ion Ion present outside the cell Retention of water The effect of Na+ on overall fluid volume Intracellular ion Ion present inside the cell Membrane potential The electrical potential difference across a cell membrane Repolarizing/hyperpolarizing Restoring or increasing the membrane potential Hydrogen ion Critical for control of pH and protein structure Buffers Substances that help maintain pH balance Anionic proteins Proteins with a negative charge Hemoglobin Protein responsible for carrying oxygen in red blood cells Carbonic acid Formed from the conversion of H+ and bicarbonate Respiratory system Involved in control of pH in the plasma Immune system Comprised of innate and adaptive responses Innate response Immediate response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies Granulocytes Type of white blood cells involved in innate response Monocytes/macrophages Type of white blood cells involved in innate response NK cells Type of white blood cells involved in innate response Plasma proteins Proteins involved in innate response Inflammation Response to damage, infection, or foreign bodies Signaling molecules Molecules involved in immune response Adaptive response Slower response that identifies specific targets and develops memory Innate immunity First line of defense, physical and biochemical barriers Physical barriers Skin, linings of gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts Sloughing off of cells Shedding of cells as a defense mechanism Coughing and sneezing Expelling foreign particles through airways Flushing Elimination of waste through urine Vomiting Expelling harmful substances through the digestive system Mucus and cilia Protective substances and hair-like structures in respiratory tract Epithelial cell-derived chemical barriers Saliva, tears, earwax, sweat, and mucus with antimicrobial peptides CONTINUED..