Psy 5330 Exam Questions With Complete Solutions
A threat in the air everywhere: EA men and stereotype threat in
math. Aronson et al. (1999): Correct Answers When they were
led to expect that their math performances would be compared
against Asian males, the average math performance of European
American men went down fast
So, anytime that it appears that one's performance might confirm
a relatively unfavorable perception about one's group, stereotype
threat effects may occur.
A threat in the air everywhere: The ubiquity of stereotype-threat
effects. Correct Answers Stereotype threat has been found
among:
Older adults on an alleged test of memory.
Low-socioeconomic-status students on a test when it was
purportedly diagnostic of intelligence.
Latinas but not Latinos on a math test when ethnicity had been
made contextually salient.
Women drivers for whom the women-are-bad-drivers
stereotype had been made salient.
Adaptations to Stereotype Threat part 2 Correct Answers
Bright and motivated folks who are constantly operating under
conditions conducive to stereotype threat may cope with these
extra pressures on performance by:
(1) Disindentifying with the threatened domain. If the domain is
math, for example, they may come to view math as being less
important to their self-concepts (perhaps by changing majors
from engineering to psychology),
And/Or
,(2) Dropping out of academics altogether.
(For example, competent and capable young woman who
dropped out college after she had completed three years of
school work and accumulated a 4.0 GPA. She was a chemistry
major and was raised in a culture in which scientific pursuits
among women were somewhat discouraged).
Adaptations to Stereotype Threat. Correct Answers For Steele
(1997), stereotype threat is likely to primarily affect the best and
brightest among the stereotyped.
That is, individuals who are both confident in and care about
their performance should become anxious and distracted when
they fear that their failure will tend to confirm a negative group
stereotype.
This should occur when (a) they're aware that the stereotype
exists, and (b) the task is challenging for them.
Affirming Global Sense of Self-Worth (Cohen et al. 2006):
Correct Answers In a couple of experiments that examined the
effects of self-affirmation on academic performance among
African American (AA) and European American (EA) 7th
graders, these folks found that:
AA students who wrote about important personal values showed
a remarkably lower failure rate compared with both historical
norms and AA students who wrote about a neutral-control topic.
The positive effect of self-affirmation was not found among EA
kids (who perhaps managed to spontaneously affirm themselves
and operated under conditions of less academic threat).
So, affirming a general sense of self-worth goes a long way to
improving adaptive coping and productive behavior.
, African American Culture Correct Answers Boykin (1994)
hold that African American culture emphasizes a lively and
expressive interchange of ideas and feelings, harmonious group
relationships, and loosely defined time constraints.
Traditional educational culture, on the other hand, emphasizes a
highly structured and static work environment in which
individual achievement and consumption of objective
knowledge within rigidly defined time periods is the norm.
Because these cultures are in many ways mutually incompatible,
African American kids find it hard to fit in at school.
This depresses both achievement and IQ.
Chronic release of unusually large volumes of stress hormones
has been found to be injurious to many parts of the brain critical
for intelligent behavior
African American kids may be disproportionately exposed to the
types of stressors that release these hormones.
Biological Variables Correct Answers The second type of
environmental influence that we will explore is biological rather
than social.
For example, individuals differ in the extent to which they are
adequately nourished and are exposed to environmental toxins.
Caste-like minorities. Correct Answers Ogbu (1994) designates
as "caste-like" minorities those disadvantaged subgroups in a
population whose status is involuntary.
Those born in caste-like minorities do not generally expect that
they will be able to assume positions of power, authority, and
wealth within a society.
Examples are the Maori of New Zealand, the "untouchables" of
India, and the Burakumin of Japan.
A threat in the air everywhere: EA men and stereotype threat in
math. Aronson et al. (1999): Correct Answers When they were
led to expect that their math performances would be compared
against Asian males, the average math performance of European
American men went down fast
So, anytime that it appears that one's performance might confirm
a relatively unfavorable perception about one's group, stereotype
threat effects may occur.
A threat in the air everywhere: The ubiquity of stereotype-threat
effects. Correct Answers Stereotype threat has been found
among:
Older adults on an alleged test of memory.
Low-socioeconomic-status students on a test when it was
purportedly diagnostic of intelligence.
Latinas but not Latinos on a math test when ethnicity had been
made contextually salient.
Women drivers for whom the women-are-bad-drivers
stereotype had been made salient.
Adaptations to Stereotype Threat part 2 Correct Answers
Bright and motivated folks who are constantly operating under
conditions conducive to stereotype threat may cope with these
extra pressures on performance by:
(1) Disindentifying with the threatened domain. If the domain is
math, for example, they may come to view math as being less
important to their self-concepts (perhaps by changing majors
from engineering to psychology),
And/Or
,(2) Dropping out of academics altogether.
(For example, competent and capable young woman who
dropped out college after she had completed three years of
school work and accumulated a 4.0 GPA. She was a chemistry
major and was raised in a culture in which scientific pursuits
among women were somewhat discouraged).
Adaptations to Stereotype Threat. Correct Answers For Steele
(1997), stereotype threat is likely to primarily affect the best and
brightest among the stereotyped.
That is, individuals who are both confident in and care about
their performance should become anxious and distracted when
they fear that their failure will tend to confirm a negative group
stereotype.
This should occur when (a) they're aware that the stereotype
exists, and (b) the task is challenging for them.
Affirming Global Sense of Self-Worth (Cohen et al. 2006):
Correct Answers In a couple of experiments that examined the
effects of self-affirmation on academic performance among
African American (AA) and European American (EA) 7th
graders, these folks found that:
AA students who wrote about important personal values showed
a remarkably lower failure rate compared with both historical
norms and AA students who wrote about a neutral-control topic.
The positive effect of self-affirmation was not found among EA
kids (who perhaps managed to spontaneously affirm themselves
and operated under conditions of less academic threat).
So, affirming a general sense of self-worth goes a long way to
improving adaptive coping and productive behavior.
, African American Culture Correct Answers Boykin (1994)
hold that African American culture emphasizes a lively and
expressive interchange of ideas and feelings, harmonious group
relationships, and loosely defined time constraints.
Traditional educational culture, on the other hand, emphasizes a
highly structured and static work environment in which
individual achievement and consumption of objective
knowledge within rigidly defined time periods is the norm.
Because these cultures are in many ways mutually incompatible,
African American kids find it hard to fit in at school.
This depresses both achievement and IQ.
Chronic release of unusually large volumes of stress hormones
has been found to be injurious to many parts of the brain critical
for intelligent behavior
African American kids may be disproportionately exposed to the
types of stressors that release these hormones.
Biological Variables Correct Answers The second type of
environmental influence that we will explore is biological rather
than social.
For example, individuals differ in the extent to which they are
adequately nourished and are exposed to environmental toxins.
Caste-like minorities. Correct Answers Ogbu (1994) designates
as "caste-like" minorities those disadvantaged subgroups in a
population whose status is involuntary.
Those born in caste-like minorities do not generally expect that
they will be able to assume positions of power, authority, and
wealth within a society.
Examples are the Maori of New Zealand, the "untouchables" of
India, and the Burakumin of Japan.
