1. Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with severe
immunodeficiency?
A. Hepatitis B vaccine
B. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
2. What is the primary treatment for severe dehydration due
to diarrhea in a child?
A. Antibiotics
B. Intravenous fluids
C. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
D. Antidiarrheal medications
Answer: C) Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
Rationale: ORT is the treatment of choice for most cases of
dehydration. Severe cases may require IV fluids.
3. A 2-month-old presents with a fever, irritability, and bulging
fontanelle. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Meningitis
B. Hydrocephalus
C. Dehydration
D. Subdural hematoma
Answer: A) Meningitis
Rationale: Bulging fontanelle, fever, and irritability in an infant are
hallmark signs of meningitis, requiring immediate medical
intervention.
4. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C. Aspirin only
D. Antibiotics
, Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
5. The first-line treatment for febrile seizures is:
A. Phenobarbital
B. Diazepam
C. Antipyretics
D. Immediate EEG
Answer: C) Antipyretics
Rationale: Febrile seizures are usually benign and self-limiting.
6. Which congenital heart defect is associated with a "machine like"
murmur?
A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
C. Tetralogy of Fallot
D. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Rationale: A continuous "machine-like" murmur is characteristic of
PDA, caused by persistent blood flow between the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
7. The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
worldwide is:
A. Norovirus
B. Rotavirus
C. Salmonella
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
8. At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically close?
A. 2-4 months
B. 6-8 months
C. 12-18 months
immunodeficiency?
A. Hepatitis B vaccine
B. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
2. What is the primary treatment for severe dehydration due
to diarrhea in a child?
A. Antibiotics
B. Intravenous fluids
C. Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
D. Antidiarrheal medications
Answer: C) Oral rehydration therapy (ORT)
Rationale: ORT is the treatment of choice for most cases of
dehydration. Severe cases may require IV fluids.
3. A 2-month-old presents with a fever, irritability, and bulging
fontanelle. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Meningitis
B. Hydrocephalus
C. Dehydration
D. Subdural hematoma
Answer: A) Meningitis
Rationale: Bulging fontanelle, fever, and irritability in an infant are
hallmark signs of meningitis, requiring immediate medical
intervention.
4. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C. Aspirin only
D. Antibiotics
, Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
5. The first-line treatment for febrile seizures is:
A. Phenobarbital
B. Diazepam
C. Antipyretics
D. Immediate EEG
Answer: C) Antipyretics
Rationale: Febrile seizures are usually benign and self-limiting.
6. Which congenital heart defect is associated with a "machine like"
murmur?
A. Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
B. Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
C. Tetralogy of Fallot
D. Atrial septal defect (ASD)
Answer: B) Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Rationale: A continuous "machine-like" murmur is characteristic of
PDA, caused by persistent blood flow between the aorta and
pulmonary artery.
7. The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
worldwide is:
A. Norovirus
B. Rotavirus
C. Salmonella
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
8. At what age does the anterior fontanelle typically close?
A. 2-4 months
B. 6-8 months
C. 12-18 months
