1. Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with severe
immunodeficiency?
A. Hepatitis B vaccine
B. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
2. A 2-month-old presents with a fever, irritability, and bulging
fontanelle. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Meningitis
B. Hydrocephalus
C. Dehydration
D. Subdural hematoma
Answer: A) Meningitis
Rationale: Bulging fontanelle, fever, and irritability in an infant are
hallmark signs of meningitis, requiring immediate medical
intervention.
3. The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
worldwide is:
A. Norovirus
B. Rotavirus
C. Salmonella
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
4. The first-line treatment for febrile seizures is:
A. Phenobarbital
B. Diazepam
C. Antipyretics
, D. Immediate EEG
Answer: C) Antipyretics
Rationale: Febrile seizures are usually benign and self-limiting.
5. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C. Aspirin only
D. Antibiotics
Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
6. A child with a "barking cough" and inspiratory stridor likely
has:
A. Asthma
B. Epiglottitis
C. Croup
D. Foreign body aspiration
Answer: C) Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, presents with a
barking cough and stridor due to inflammation of the upper airway.
7. What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
A. Influenza virus
B. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C. Adenovirus
D. Parainfluenza virus
Answer: B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children
under two years of age, leading to airway inflammation and
obstruction.
8. Which of the following is a hallmark sign of measles?
A. Vesicular rash
B. Koplik spots
C. Strawberry tongue
D. Target lesions
immunodeficiency?
A. Hepatitis B vaccine
B. Inactivated polio vaccine (IPV)
C. Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
D. Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTaP) vaccine
Answer: C) Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine
Rationale: Live vaccines, like MMR, are contraindicated in children
with severe immunodeficiency due to the risk of vaccine-strain
infection.
2. A 2-month-old presents with a fever, irritability, and bulging
fontanelle. What is the most likely diagnosis?
A. Meningitis
B. Hydrocephalus
C. Dehydration
D. Subdural hematoma
Answer: A) Meningitis
Rationale: Bulging fontanelle, fever, and irritability in an infant are
hallmark signs of meningitis, requiring immediate medical
intervention.
3. The most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in children
worldwide is:
A. Norovirus
B. Rotavirus
C. Salmonella
D. Escherichia coli
Answer: B) Rotavirus
Rationale: Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute diarrhea in
children, especially in developing countries, and is preventable by
vaccination.
4. The first-line treatment for febrile seizures is:
A. Phenobarbital
B. Diazepam
C. Antipyretics
, D. Immediate EEG
Answer: C) Antipyretics
Rationale: Febrile seizures are usually benign and self-limiting.
5. The first-line treatment for Kawasaki disease is:
A. Corticosteroids
B. Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
C. Aspirin only
D. Antibiotics
Answer: B) Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)
Rationale: IVIG combined with aspirin is the mainstay treatment
for Kawasaki disease to reduce inflammation and prevent coronary
artery complications.
6. A child with a "barking cough" and inspiratory stridor likely
has:
A. Asthma
B. Epiglottitis
C. Croup
D. Foreign body aspiration
Answer: C) Croup
Rationale: Croup, caused by parainfluenza virus, presents with a
barking cough and stridor due to inflammation of the upper airway.
7. What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
A. Influenza virus
B. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
C. Adenovirus
D. Parainfluenza virus
Answer: B) Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Rationale: RSV is the leading cause of bronchiolitis in children
under two years of age, leading to airway inflammation and
obstruction.
8. Which of the following is a hallmark sign of measles?
A. Vesicular rash
B. Koplik spots
C. Strawberry tongue
D. Target lesions
