A mastery guide to WGU D236 Patho with 100% correct answers

What is the primary determinant of oncotic pressure? - correct answer️️Albumin Form of osmotic pressure exerted by proteins - correct answer️️Oncotic Pressure What is the difference between adult and child immunity? - correct answer️️Naive T Cells Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by _________________, which regulates actions such as thirst, ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - correct answer️️Osmoreceptors What are the causes of dehydration? - correct answer️️#Excessive loss #Inadequate intake #Both What s/sx are associated with dehydration? - correct answer️️#Dry mucous membranes #Decreased skin turgor #Decreased urine output #Low blood pressure #Tachycardia #Weak heart rate #Confusion A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting has an elevated CO2 level and pH of 7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition does she have? - correct answer️️Metabolic alkalosis The patient's pH and CO2 levels are both elevated (moving in the same direction). This indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is high because her respiratory system is attempting to compensate for the high pH by exhaling less and retaining more CO2. Normal CO2 level - correct answer️️35-45 Normal pH level - correct answer️️7.35-7.45 Normal HCO3 level - correct answer️️22-26 Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers. His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His calcium level is reduced because the elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for Ca+ to bind to albumin. His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. - correct answer️️His CO2 level is increased because his lungs have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream. His sodium level is decreased due to hypervolemia. His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside of cells in an attempt to get it out of the bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the bloodstream. A hormone panel was done on a patient with congestive heart failure and fluid volume overload. Which elevated hormone on the patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt to reduce the fluid overload? Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) Aldosterone Renin - correct answer️️BNP BNP is released when fluid volume excess is present. Normal sodium level - correct answer️️135-145 Hyponatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - correct answer️️Na 135 Loss of energy or fatigue Nausea and vomiting Headache Confusion Muscle spasms Low blood pressure Dark scanty urine Irritability, disorientation and neurological manifestations Seizures Hypernatremia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - correct answer️️Na 145 Excessive thirst Extreme fatigue Confusion Muscle twitching or spasms Restlessness Seizures Normal potassium level - correct answer️️3.5-5.0 Hypokalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx - correct answer️️K 3.5 #Muscle fatigue/cramping #Nausea, vomiting, constipation #Cardiac dysrhythmias #Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Hyperkalemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - correct answer️️K 5.0 Muscle weakness/paralysis Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Cardiac dysrhythmias Cardiac arrest/MI Normal calcium level - correct answer️️8.5-10.5 Hypocalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - correct answer️️Calcium 8.5 Overexcitability of the muscles Muscle twitching Paresthesia (numbness/tingling) Chvostek and Trousseau sign (twitching on the cheek when touched) Cardiac dysrhythmias Hypercalcemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - correct answer️️Calcium 10.5 Muscle weakness Loss of muscle tone Spontaneous fractures Kidney stones Cardiac dysrhythmias Normal magnesium level - correct answer️️1.6-2.6 Hypomagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - correct answer️️Magnesium level 1.6 Tremors Hyperreflexia Insomnia Muscle cramps Irregular heart beat Hypermagnesemia is indicated by what lab result? S/Sx? - correct answer️️Magnesium level 2.6 Hyporeflexia Lethargy Respiratory depression N/V Slow/Irregular heart beat Tay-Sachs Disease - correct answer️️An autosomal recessive inherited genetic disorder caused by a recessive allele (chromosome 15) that leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain. Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years. Marfan Syndrome - correct answer️️Inherited autosomal dominant trait (only one abnormal copy of the Marfan gene inherited from one parent) FBN1 gene. Genetic connective tissue disorder that can affect aorta and heart valve structures. **If one parent has Marfan syndrome, each child has a 50% chance of inheriting the abnormal gene and developing the condition. If both parents have the condition, the risk of their child inheriting the abnormal gene and developing Marfan syndrome increases to 75%. Turner Syndrome - correct answer️️A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an X chromosome is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X chromosome is deleted. Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile) Short stature (under 4' 7") Amenorrhea Webbing of the neck Edema Underdeveloped breasts/wide nipples Respiratory rate increases during exercise. How does this increased respiratory rate allow the body to maintain a homeostatic pH level? - correct answer️️The increased exhalation of CO2 helps to increase pH. (The increased respiratory rate allows more CO2 to be exhaled. Since CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid, getting rid of more CO2 through increased respiration will raise pH) An ICU patient's arterial blood gas results show low pH and low CO2 levels. The patient's respiratory rate is increased. What is the name of this condition? - correct answer️️Metabolic acidosis (Since the pH is low, and the pH and CO2 are trending in the same direction, the condition is metabolic acidosis. The low CO2 indicates that CO2 is not causing the acidosis. The increased respiratory rate lowers blood CO2 in an attempt to compensate for the metabolic acidosis.) Your patient has pulmonary edema, which raises levels of CO2 in the blood. What helps the patient's body to compensate for this increase? The kidneys conserve H+ and conserve HCO3- The kidneys excrete more H+ and conserve HCO3- The kidneys conserve H+ and excrete more HCO3- The kidneys excrete more H+ and excrete more HCO3- - correct answer️️The kidneys excrete more H+ and conserve HCO3- (The increased CO2 level will generate more carbonic acid. The body must compensate for the decreased pH. Excreting more H+ and conserving HCO3- will both help to increase pH.) Heberden and Bouchard's nodes are indicative of what disease process? - correct answer️️Osteoarthritis You receive a patient who has experienced a burn on the right leg. The burn has small blisters, is markedly pinkish red, and has a shiny and moist appearance. When the patient is asked about pain level, the patient describes it as severe. What level of burn does this patient present? Superficial thickness / Partial or intermediate thickness / Full Thickness / Fourth Degree - correct answer️️Second Degree (partial thickness) Second degree: Partial thickness burns can be either superficial partial thickness or deep partial thickness, depending on the degree of tissue necrosis of the dermal layer. These burns can char the epidermis and papillary dermal layer, with resultant edema and formation of epidermal blisters. Burned skin is wet, raw, and pink or cherry red in color that blanches with pressure.