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Samenvatting blok 3.4 learning in schools - probleem 6

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specialisatie E&D blok 3.4 learning in schools samenvatting van probleem 6

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Blok 4 – learning and instruction in schools
Problem 6 – putting the problem in the right perspective
Deel 1 – when should a worked-out example become a problem?


Leerdoel:
- Is fading a more effective way to enhance performance on transfer than example
groups, and why?

Bronnen:
- Renkl (2002): from example study to problem solving; smooth transitions help
learning
- Moreno (2009): optimizing worked-example instruction in electrical engineering

, Renkl (2002): from example study to problem solving: smooth transitions help learning


Abstract
Research has shown that it is effective to combine example study and problem solving in the initial
acquisition of cognitive skills. Present methods for combining these learning modes are, however,
static and do not support a transition from example study in early stages of skill acquisition to later
problem solving. Against this background, we propose a successive integration of problem-solving
elements into example study until the learners solve problems on their own (complete example ->
increasingly more incomplete examples -> problem to-be-solved). We tested the effectiveness of
such a fading procedure against the traditional method of employing example-problem pairs. In a
field experiment and in a more controlled lab experiment, we found that the fading procedure
fosters learning, at least when near transfer performance is considered. Moreover, this effect is
mediated by a lower number of errors under the fading condition as compared to the example-
problem condition.

Introductie
Worked example: bestaat uit een probleemformulering, stappen om op te lossen en de uiteindelijke
oplossing. Onderzoek heeft aangetoond dat het leren met zulke voorbeelden belangrijk is voor het
verkrijgen van cognitieve vaardigheden in domeinen als wiskunde en scheikunde. Dit heeft wel het
grootste voordeel voor novices en minder voor experts.

Ondanks dat worked-examples significante voordelen hebben, garandeert het gebruik ervan niet
effectief leren.
- De mate waarin studenten er voordeel van hebben, is afhankelijk van hoe goed ze de
oplossingen van de voorbeelden self-explainen.
- Ook de structuur van het leermateriaal is heel belangrijk en dit is waar in deze studie op
gefocust gaat worden.

Huidige studie: onderzoekt een mogelijke benadering om elementen van probleem oplossen te
integreren met worked-examples. Dit zou kunnen door het steeds toevoegen van meer
probleemoplossende elementen aan een worked-example tot de studenten het hele probleem zelf
moeten oplossen.

How to combine example study and problem solving?
Empirisch bewijs heeft laten zien dat het gebruiken van alleen worked-examples niet zo effectief is
als het gebruik van worked-examples met probleemoplossingselementen. Er zijn 2 manieren waarop
dit gedaan kan worden:
1. De oplossingen van de worked-examples incompleet maken.
2. Example-probleem paren toepassen.

Incomplete examples: de leerlingen moeten de examples compleet maken door een blanke ruimte
of vraagteken in te vullen. Sommige onderzoekers zeggen dat dit het verkrijgen van cognitieve
vaardigheden effectief ondersteund.

Example-probleem paren: er zijn nog weinig onderzoeken gedaan naar deze vorm van instructie,
maar in de onderzoeken die zijn gedaan, is gevonden dat participanten met deze combinatie minder
tijd gebruiken en meer accurate oplossingen produceren op transfer tests.

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Uploaded on
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Written in
2019/2020
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