Functional Neuroanatomy Term Sets
(135) Updated Q and A .
brain stem - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
best observed in midsagittal view; relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and
cerebellum & vice versa; vital functions (breathing, consciousness, control of body temperature)
are regulated
Rostal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅toward the nose
cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅
Metencephalon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅pons and cerebellum
also called hindbrain
within those structures is also the IV Ventricle
Cerebrocerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅(lateral hemispheres) - Planning of
movement and sensory feedback of motor movements - Coordination of voluntary movements -
Cognitive, emotional control
Spinocerebellum (Vermis) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Regulates body and limb
movements and muscle tone
Development of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅-The brain and spinal cord develop
from ectoderm arranged in a tubular structure called the neural tube.
,-The anterior part of the neural tube expands, and constrictions appear that create three regions
called primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon(forebrain), mesencephalon(midbrain), and
rhombencephalon(hindbrain).
-The walls of these brain regions develop into the nervous tissue of the brain, while the spaces in
the tube remains as ventricles (spaces) w/in the brain.
-The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrian(cerebal aqueduct).
-Both the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon develops in to the metencephalon and
myelencephalon.
-The telencephalon develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles.
-The diencephalon forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
-The metencephalon becomes the pons, cerebullum, and upper forth ventricle.
-The myelencephalon foms the medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth ventricle.
High level motor control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. - association areas of neocortex &
basal ganglia
§ Strategy: figure out goal of movement & the best strategy to get there
§ Get sensory info from cortex about where the body is in space (mental image of where I am in
relation to environment)
§ Alternatives are filtered (based largely on experience) through basal ganglia
middle part of motor control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. - motor cortex & cerebellum
(& basal ganglia according to Gazzaniga - make up your minds people!)
§ Tactics: concerned with the sequences of muscle contractions to smoothly & accurately
achieve the strategic goal
§ Based on memory of sensory info from past movements
§ Translate action goals into movement instructions to lower level
low level of motor control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. brain stem & spinal cord
§ Execution: activation of neurons that generate the goal directed movements & necessary
adjustment of posture
§ Motor neurons & inter neurons
,§ Sensory feedback is used to maintain posture, muscle length & tension before & after each
voluntary movement (= adjustments)
posterior parietal cortex - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅P Directs behaviour by providing
spatial information
P Area 5: input from primary somatosensory cortical areas
P Area 7: input from higher order visual areas
P Largely connected to PFC
P Damage produces deficits in perception and memory of spatial relationships, accurate reaching
§ Apraxia: patients have difficulty to perform movement when asked out of context (thinking
about it) but can readily perform than spontaneously in natural situations
Contralateral neglect: disturbance of the ability to stimuli on the side opposite to the side of the
brain damage (egocentric left) even though they can be unconsciously perceived
ballistic movement - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the berserker of movements
one unit
cant be corrected once initiated (no sensory feedback loop)
Vestibulocerebellum (Flocular lobe) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Regulates balance,
posture, eye movements
midbrain (mesencephalon) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅tectum and tegmentum
grey matter - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅cell bodies
Cerebellar dysfunctions->symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅• Most noted are different
forms of ataxia, which are dysfunctions of motor coordination.
• Nystagmus (eye fluctuations)
• Truncal ataxia (inability to stand or sit upright)
• Gait ataxia („drunken sailor walk")
, • Dysmetria (hand reaches out but misses the goal)
• Tremor
• Slurred, imprecise speech
• Dysfluent walking
lateral ventricles border on what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅first of all theres two of
them. one in each hemisphere (they are those bog loopy things)
caudate border the loop from outside(caudate und putam kuscheln sich von aussen dran)
Amygdalas liegen auf der unteren spitze von oben drauf wie zwei dicke, anxiety katzen)
von innen corpus callosum und dann ist da natürlich noch der cortex überall.
Cerebellar lesion evidence reveals - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- cerebellum monitors
prediction outcome (N1 suppression)
- impaired use of temporal structure in auditory deviance processing (N1, P3b)
- impaired temporal integration of multimodal information-> evidence of generalizability of
forward model across domains (see Ramnani, 2008)
Cerebellar cortex layers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅3 Neuronal Layers
1. Molecular
- outer
- basket cells and stellate cells
- both use GABA to inhibit Purkinje cells
- parallel fibers = granule cell axons
2. Purkinje cell layer
- GABA
- dendrites of purkinje cells extend into molecular layer
3. Granule cell layer
(135) Updated Q and A .
brain stem - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
best observed in midsagittal view; relays information from cerebrum to spinal cord and
cerebellum & vice versa; vital functions (breathing, consciousness, control of body temperature)
are regulated
Rostal - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅toward the nose
cerebrum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅
Metencephalon - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅pons and cerebellum
also called hindbrain
within those structures is also the IV Ventricle
Cerebrocerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅(lateral hemispheres) - Planning of
movement and sensory feedback of motor movements - Coordination of voluntary movements -
Cognitive, emotional control
Spinocerebellum (Vermis) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Regulates body and limb
movements and muscle tone
Development of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅-The brain and spinal cord develop
from ectoderm arranged in a tubular structure called the neural tube.
,-The anterior part of the neural tube expands, and constrictions appear that create three regions
called primary brain vesicles: prosencephalon(forebrain), mesencephalon(midbrain), and
rhombencephalon(hindbrain).
-The walls of these brain regions develop into the nervous tissue of the brain, while the spaces in
the tube remains as ventricles (spaces) w/in the brain.
-The mesencephalon gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct of the midbrian(cerebal aqueduct).
-Both the prosencephalon and rhombencephalon develops in to the metencephalon and
myelencephalon.
-The telencephalon develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles.
-The diencephalon forms the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.
-The metencephalon becomes the pons, cerebullum, and upper forth ventricle.
-The myelencephalon foms the medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth ventricle.
High level motor control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. - association areas of neocortex &
basal ganglia
§ Strategy: figure out goal of movement & the best strategy to get there
§ Get sensory info from cortex about where the body is in space (mental image of where I am in
relation to environment)
§ Alternatives are filtered (based largely on experience) through basal ganglia
middle part of motor control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. - motor cortex & cerebellum
(& basal ganglia according to Gazzaniga - make up your minds people!)
§ Tactics: concerned with the sequences of muscle contractions to smoothly & accurately
achieve the strategic goal
§ Based on memory of sensory info from past movements
§ Translate action goals into movement instructions to lower level
low level of motor control - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅1. brain stem & spinal cord
§ Execution: activation of neurons that generate the goal directed movements & necessary
adjustment of posture
§ Motor neurons & inter neurons
,§ Sensory feedback is used to maintain posture, muscle length & tension before & after each
voluntary movement (= adjustments)
posterior parietal cortex - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅P Directs behaviour by providing
spatial information
P Area 5: input from primary somatosensory cortical areas
P Area 7: input from higher order visual areas
P Largely connected to PFC
P Damage produces deficits in perception and memory of spatial relationships, accurate reaching
§ Apraxia: patients have difficulty to perform movement when asked out of context (thinking
about it) but can readily perform than spontaneously in natural situations
Contralateral neglect: disturbance of the ability to stimuli on the side opposite to the side of the
brain damage (egocentric left) even though they can be unconsciously perceived
ballistic movement - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅the berserker of movements
one unit
cant be corrected once initiated (no sensory feedback loop)
Vestibulocerebellum (Flocular lobe) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅Regulates balance,
posture, eye movements
midbrain (mesencephalon) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅tectum and tegmentum
grey matter - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅cell bodies
Cerebellar dysfunctions->symptoms - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅• Most noted are different
forms of ataxia, which are dysfunctions of motor coordination.
• Nystagmus (eye fluctuations)
• Truncal ataxia (inability to stand or sit upright)
• Gait ataxia („drunken sailor walk")
, • Dysmetria (hand reaches out but misses the goal)
• Tremor
• Slurred, imprecise speech
• Dysfluent walking
lateral ventricles border on what? - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅first of all theres two of
them. one in each hemisphere (they are those bog loopy things)
caudate border the loop from outside(caudate und putam kuscheln sich von aussen dran)
Amygdalas liegen auf der unteren spitze von oben drauf wie zwei dicke, anxiety katzen)
von innen corpus callosum und dann ist da natürlich noch der cortex überall.
Cerebellar lesion evidence reveals - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅- cerebellum monitors
prediction outcome (N1 suppression)
- impaired use of temporal structure in auditory deviance processing (N1, P3b)
- impaired temporal integration of multimodal information-> evidence of generalizability of
forward model across domains (see Ramnani, 2008)
Cerebellar cortex layers - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅✅3 Neuronal Layers
1. Molecular
- outer
- basket cells and stellate cells
- both use GABA to inhibit Purkinje cells
- parallel fibers = granule cell axons
2. Purkinje cell layer
- GABA
- dendrites of purkinje cells extend into molecular layer
3. Granule cell layer
