Master the Advanced Training Exam: Complete Study Guide with A+ Rated Solutions

Master the Advanced Training Exam: Complete Study Guide with A+ Rated Solutions Double Check Valve Assembly - ANS Backflow prevention assembly, using two shut off valves and two check valves assembled and pre-tested at the factory, designed to physically block or prevent the backflow of water drip irrigation - ANS a method of supplying irrigation water through tubes that literally drip water onto the soil at the base of each plant. 48" or less Dry Line Shock (Dry Pipe Shock) - ANS Travel of unrestricted water flow in empty piping Dynamic pressure - ANS The force exerted by a fluid in motion Dynamic water - ANS Water that is in motion through a system Elevation gain - ANS Pressure gained as water is used downhill from its source Elevation lost - ANS Pressure lost as water is used uphill from its source Emitters - ANS Small mechanical device used in drip irrigation to limit water flow to a drip or slow trickle Evaporation - ANS The change of a substance from a liquid to a gas Evapotranspiration (ET) - ANS loss of water by evaporation from the soil surface and transpiration by plants FIP - ANS Female Iron Pipe Flow-Control Valve - ANS A device that controls the rate of flow of a fluid. Foot of head - ANS A measure of pressure equivalent to .433 pounds per square inch and equal to the weight of one vertical foot of water on a one-square inch surface. FPS - ANS Feet per second Friction loss - ANS The reduction in pressure resulting from the water being in contact with the side of the hose. This contact requires force to overcome the drag that the wall of the hose creates. Gate Valve - ANS Control valve with a solid plate operated by a handle and screw mechanism. Rotating the handle moves the plate into or out of the waterway. Gauge (wire) - ANS Standards used for wire sizing. the larger the gauge number, the smaller the wire. Gear Driven Heads - ANS Type of rotary sprinkler head that has a slower, constant rotation that is achieved by water passing through a series of gears within a head. Globe Valve - ANS A valve which uses a rubber or composition plug against the valve body seat to restrict or stop the flow of water. GPH - ANS Gallons per hour GPM - ANS Gallons per minute Gray water - ANS Domestic wastewater composed of wash water from household sinks, tubs, and washers. Head to Head Spacing - ANS Spacing of heads that is equal to the published radius. Hydraulics - ANS The study of fluid while in motion or at rest Hydrozone - ANS A portion of the landscaped area having plants with similar water needs that are served by a valve or set of valves with the same schedule Example: Naturalized area planted with native vegetation that will not need supplemental irrigation once established is a non-irrigated hydrozone. Impact Head - ANS Type of rotary sprinkler head that utilizes a driver arm to create rotation. Infiltration rate - ANS The quantity of water that enters the soil surface in a specified time interval. Often expressed in volume of water per unit of soil surface area per unit of time. Insert Fitting - ANS A fitting which fits inside the pipe or tubing. Usually used on polyethylene pipe and tubing. IPS - ANS Iron pipe size Irrigation Design - ANS A plan showing graphic or dimensional location of the components of an irrigation system Isolation valve - ANS A gate or ball valve, serves as a main shut-off device for the complete irrigation system as needed for servicing or repair. Must be located between the meter and the backflow devices. landscape irrigation - ANS Art and management of applying water to the landscape in a manner to encourage the growth of plant material and support water conservation. Lateral Piping - ANS Piping between the remote control valve, not subject to constant main line pressure, and the sprinkler head. Loop Main Line - ANS A main line designed to provide water to any valve from two or more directions. Generally improves hydraulics in larger landscapes. Manifold - ANS A group of two or more control valves together in one location and/or valve box. Master valve - ANS Automatic or manual valve installed at the supply point which controls water flow into the system main line piping. Matched precipitation (MPR) - ANS All sprinkler heads within a watering zone will produce similar precipitation rates, regardless of the pattern they cover. MIP - ANS Male iron pipe MIPT - ANS Male iron pipe thread Non-potable water - ANS Water not safe for drinking, personal, or culinary utilization. Nozzle Tree - ANS Interchangeable nozzle assortment, with different GPM and radii, provided with many rotary heads POC - ANS Point of connection Polyethylene Pipe (PE) - ANS Flexible plastic pipe which uses insert fittings. Potable water - ANS water that is safe to drink Precipitation rate - ANS Precipitation rate (PR) is a calculation of the flow rate (application rate) over the square footage of the zone. 96.25 = constant that converts gallons per minute (GPM) to inches per hour. Pressure compensating - ANS A method of maintaining a constant discharge pressure regardless of inlet pressure. Pressure Regulator - ANS Mechanical device that lowers water pressure on the downstream side of the unit. computing innovation - ANS includes a program as an integral part of its function - can be physical (e.g self-driving car), non-physical computing software (e.g. picture editing software), or a nonphysical computing concept (e.g. e-commerce). program - ANS is a collection of program statements that performs a specific task when run by a computer. A program is often referred to as software. code segment - ANS is a collection of program statements that is part of a program. Program documentation - ANS is written description of the function of a code segment, event, procedure, or program and it was developed. Comments - ANS are a form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people and do not affect how a program runs. logic error - ANS is a mistake in the algorithm or program that causes it to behave incorrectly or unexpectedly syntax error - ANS is a mistake in the program where the rules of the programming language are not followed run-time error - ANS is a mistake in the program that occurs during the execution of a program. Programming languages define their own run-time errors. overflow error - ANS is an error that occurs when a computer attempts to handle a number that is outside of the defined range of values. bit - ANS is shorthand for binary digit and is either 0 or 1. byte - ANS is 8 bits Abstraction - ANS is the process of reducing complexity by focusing on the main idea. By hiding details of irrelevant to the question at hand and bringing together related and useful details, abstraction reduces complexity and allows one to focus on the idea. Data compression - ANS can reduce the size (number of bits) transmitted or stored data. Lossless data compression algorithms - ANS can usually reduce the number of bits stored or transmitted while guaranteeing complete reconstruction of the original data. Lossy data compression algorithms - ANS can significantly reduce the number of bits stored or transmitted but only allow reconstruction of an approximation of the original data. (we lose the original data forever!). analog signal - ANS has values that changes smoothly over time, rather than in discrete intervals. Analog signals are continuous signals. Ex. pitch, the volume of music, the colors in a painting, or the position of a sprinter during a race. digital signal - ANS is an analog signal that has been broken up into steps. Information - ANS is the collection of facts and patterns extracted from data. Predicting algorithms - ANS use information collected from big data to influence our daily lives. For example: an online store analyzing customer's past purchases can suggest new products the customer may be interested in buying. Metadata - ANS are data about data - data that describes your data. For example, the piece of data may be an image, while the metadata may include the date of creation, location, and the file size of the image. Cleaning data - ANS is a process that makes the data uniform without changing their meaning (e.g., replacing all equivalent abbreviations, spellings, and capitalizations with same word). Overflow flow errors - ANS happen when we run out of bits to represent something. Roundoff errors - ANS happen when we're dealing with rounding decimal values. Abstraction - ANS a way to represent essential features without including the background details or explanations. Abstractions reduce complexity and allow for efficient design and implementation of complex software systems. Variables - ANS variables vary. The assignment operator allows a program to change the value represented by a variable. *Meaningful variable names help with the readability of program code and reduce the level of complexity of a program. list - ANS is an ordered sequence of elements starting with the index 1 element - ANS is an individual value in the list that is assigned a unique index. **For all list operations, if a list index is less than 1 or greater than the length of the list, an error message is produced and the program will not terminate. linear search - ANS linear search (or sequential search) is an algorithm for finding an element in a list. This search starts from the beginning of a list and sequentially checks each element of the list until a match is found or the entire list is searched without finding the element. A linear search can be used for either a sorted list or an unsorted list. binary search - ANS is a search algorithm that halves the number of elements that need to be searched after every comparison. To use binary search, the list must be sorted. This search compares the middle element of the list to the target value. If they are not equal, the half in which the target cannot lie is eliminated. Simulations - ANS are abstractions of more complex objects or phenomena for a specific purpose. Simulations often mimic real-world events with the purpose of drawing inferences, allowing investigation of a phenomenon without the constraints of the real-world. Simulations are most useful when real-world events are impractical for experiments (e.g., too big, too small, too fast, too slow, too expensive, or too dangerous). computing device - ANS is a physical artifact that can run a program. Ex. computers, tablets, servers, routers, smart sensors, etc. computing system - ANS is a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose. Ex: Networks computer network - ANS is a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending and receiving data. Path - ANS the series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver. Bandwidth - ANS the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second. Protocol - ANS An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system IP Address - ANS The unique number assigned to each device on the Internet. Internet Protocol (IP) - ANS a protocol for sending data across the Internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) - ANS defines how computers send packets of data to each other: TCP adds a packet number to each packet, so that we can track the order of the packets. If they arrive out of order, the number allows them to be pieced back together. If a number is missing, TCP will re-request the missing packet. Once all packets arrive, they are put back together in order. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) - ANS allows computer applications to send messages without checking for missing packets to save time needed to retransmit missing packets. Not as reliable as TCP, which does resend packets lost when transmitting. Domain Name System (DNS) - ANS domains are associated with a given IP address for a website Router - ANS A type of computer that forwards data across a network Packet - ANS All data is broken down into small chunks called packets.. A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all. These packets are labeled with metadata: to address, from address, message size, order number.