HESI Health Assessment and Physical Examination
2025 [ With Questions & Answers]
A decrease in the serum sodium level is typically followed , - ANSWER-
by a decrease in serum osmolality (example <270 mOsm/L)
metabolic acidosis results in hyperkalemia as H ions are shifted into the
cell - ANSWER-to raise the pH and potassium leaves the cell and enters
the bloodstream
Catecholamines are released from - ANSWER-adrenal medulla
steroid hormones (cortisol and aldosterone) are released from -
ANSWER-adrenal cortex
are exchanged for potassium ions during alkalosis or acidosis -
ANSWER-are exchanged for potassium ions during alkalosis or acidosis
Nerve route injury could lead to - ANSWER-allodynia (pain that is
associated with a nonnoxious stimulus)
Potassium - ANSWER-is necessary for neuromuscular and
cardiovascular function
Calcium helps to regulate muscle contraction and relaxation - ANSWER-
helps to regulate muscle contraction and relaxation
hypercalcemia - ANSWER-contributes to muscle weakness and coma
hypocalcemia - ANSWER-contributes to muscle irritability and tetany
,Magnesium - ANSWER-helps with carbohydrate and protein
metabolism, affects neuromuscular function and produces vasodilation
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-lowers the resting membrane potential and
makes cells less irritable which could result in an ileus.
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER-may cause diarrhea, irritability, muscle
weakness and EKG changes
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER-tall tented T waves, absent p waves,
prolonged PR interval and QRS duration
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-may cause muscle weakness, EKG changes
(inverted T waves and ST depression), a weak irregular pulse,
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-paralytic ileus, tachydysrhythmias (premature
ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia), constipation and u
waves
hypernatremia - ANSWER-thirst, dry mucous membranes, lethargy,
restlessness, tachycardia and
hypertension
hypocalcemia - ANSWER-tetany, muscle twitching, bronchospasms,
laryngeal spasms, seizures and hyperirritability
A classic sign for low magnesium is - ANSWER-tetany (like
hypocalcemia)
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia consist of - ANSWER-
headaches, seizures, lethargy, tachycardia, decrease in blood pressure,
thready pulse, hyperactive bowel sounds and abdominal cramp
, Hyponatremia - ANSWER-slows the depolarization of the cell
membrane
Hyponatremia - ANSWER-shifts fluid from the extracellular to the
intracellular compartment
Sodium could be loss from - ANSWER-the gastrointestinal (vomiting,
diarrhea, suctioning), renal (diuretics, adrenal insufficiency,
Sodium could be loss from - ANSWER-kidney disease) and
integumentary system )(ascites, burns, peripheral edema)
In hyponatremia there is a reduction in intravascular volume - ANSWER-
so blood pressure decreases
Restrict fluids in the setting of - ANSWER-hyponatremia with fluid
volume overload
Monitor level of consciousness, vital signs, intake and output, and
weight in the setting of - ANSWER-hyponatremia
Severe hyponatremia - ANSWER-could result in coma, respiratory arrest
or seizures
Hypernatremia increases - ANSWER-the serum osmolality and pulls
water out of the cells
Excessive sodium intake, excessive sodium retention and a loss in fluid
from being - ANSWER-NPO or from illness (hyperglycemia,
watery diarrhea, diabetes insipidus or diarrhea) puts the client at risk
for hypernatremia
2025 [ With Questions & Answers]
A decrease in the serum sodium level is typically followed , - ANSWER-
by a decrease in serum osmolality (example <270 mOsm/L)
metabolic acidosis results in hyperkalemia as H ions are shifted into the
cell - ANSWER-to raise the pH and potassium leaves the cell and enters
the bloodstream
Catecholamines are released from - ANSWER-adrenal medulla
steroid hormones (cortisol and aldosterone) are released from -
ANSWER-adrenal cortex
are exchanged for potassium ions during alkalosis or acidosis -
ANSWER-are exchanged for potassium ions during alkalosis or acidosis
Nerve route injury could lead to - ANSWER-allodynia (pain that is
associated with a nonnoxious stimulus)
Potassium - ANSWER-is necessary for neuromuscular and
cardiovascular function
Calcium helps to regulate muscle contraction and relaxation - ANSWER-
helps to regulate muscle contraction and relaxation
hypercalcemia - ANSWER-contributes to muscle weakness and coma
hypocalcemia - ANSWER-contributes to muscle irritability and tetany
,Magnesium - ANSWER-helps with carbohydrate and protein
metabolism, affects neuromuscular function and produces vasodilation
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-lowers the resting membrane potential and
makes cells less irritable which could result in an ileus.
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER-may cause diarrhea, irritability, muscle
weakness and EKG changes
Hyperkalemia - ANSWER-tall tented T waves, absent p waves,
prolonged PR interval and QRS duration
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-may cause muscle weakness, EKG changes
(inverted T waves and ST depression), a weak irregular pulse,
Hypokalemia - ANSWER-paralytic ileus, tachydysrhythmias (premature
ventricular contractions, ventricular tachycardia), constipation and u
waves
hypernatremia - ANSWER-thirst, dry mucous membranes, lethargy,
restlessness, tachycardia and
hypertension
hypocalcemia - ANSWER-tetany, muscle twitching, bronchospasms,
laryngeal spasms, seizures and hyperirritability
A classic sign for low magnesium is - ANSWER-tetany (like
hypocalcemia)
Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia consist of - ANSWER-
headaches, seizures, lethargy, tachycardia, decrease in blood pressure,
thready pulse, hyperactive bowel sounds and abdominal cramp
, Hyponatremia - ANSWER-slows the depolarization of the cell
membrane
Hyponatremia - ANSWER-shifts fluid from the extracellular to the
intracellular compartment
Sodium could be loss from - ANSWER-the gastrointestinal (vomiting,
diarrhea, suctioning), renal (diuretics, adrenal insufficiency,
Sodium could be loss from - ANSWER-kidney disease) and
integumentary system )(ascites, burns, peripheral edema)
In hyponatremia there is a reduction in intravascular volume - ANSWER-
so blood pressure decreases
Restrict fluids in the setting of - ANSWER-hyponatremia with fluid
volume overload
Monitor level of consciousness, vital signs, intake and output, and
weight in the setting of - ANSWER-hyponatremia
Severe hyponatremia - ANSWER-could result in coma, respiratory arrest
or seizures
Hypernatremia increases - ANSWER-the serum osmolality and pulls
water out of the cells
Excessive sodium intake, excessive sodium retention and a loss in fluid
from being - ANSWER-NPO or from illness (hyperglycemia,
watery diarrhea, diabetes insipidus or diarrhea) puts the client at risk
for hypernatremia
