HNSC 1210 (Nutrition) FINAL EXAM STUDY
GUIDE LATEST UPDATED RATED A.
Lipids
✔✔Soluble in organic solvents, not in water.
Lipids in the body
✔✔Energy stores, muscle fuel, emergency reserve, padding and insulation, cell
membranes, raw materials
Lipids in food
✔✔Essential fatty acids, energy, transport of vitamins A/D/E/K and
phytochemicals, raw materials for needed products, sensory appeal for taste and
smell, stimulate appetite, satiety, texture
NRC for Dietary Fat
✔✔Less than 30% energy from dietary fat, less than 10% energy from saturated
fat.
DRI for Dietary Fat
✔✔20-35% energy from dietary fat. Polyunsaturated (5-10% energy from omega-
6, 0.6-1.2% from omega-3). Cholesterol= minimize intake within context of
healthy diet
WHO for Dietary Fat
✔✔Less than 1% energy from trans fats. Low saturated fat intake reduces blood
cholesterol and thus heart disease, unsaturated fat reduces blood clotting.
,Triglycerides
✔✔95% of food/body fat. 3 FA and glycerol backbone. Glycerol= glucose and AA.
Fatty Acid Classification
✔✔Classified by chain length and degree of saturation.
Chain Length Classification of Fatty Acids
✔✔Short is less than 10, medium is 12-14, long is greater than 16.
Degree of Saturation Classification of Fatty Acids
✔✔Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated.
Saturated Fatty Acid
✔✔NO DOUBLE BONDS. Solid at room temperature. Ex. butter, coconut oil.
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
✔✔1 DOUBLE BOND. Ex. canola oil, olive oil.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
✔✔2+ DOUBLE BONDS. Liquid at room temperature. Ex. plant and fish oil.
Phospholipids
✔✔Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate. Water and fat soluble. Emulsifier. Ex.
lecithin and egg yolk.
,Sterols
✔✔Cholesterol. Present in cell membranes/bile. Vitamin D.
Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats
✔✔Removing double carbon bonds, adding hydrogen. Creates trans-fatty acids,
which act like saturated fatty acids in the body, increase risk of CVD. In vegetable
oil, can create hard margarine/hydrogenated shortening. Allows better storage,
less rancidity, higher smoke point.
Trans Fatty Acids
✔✔Food labels require separate category consumed in processed foods/fast
foods, baked goods, fried foods.
Blending Oils in Unsaturated Fats
✔✔"Soft" margarine.
Lipid Digestion in the Stomach
✔✔Fat separates from watery components and floats to the top. Little digestion
occurs here.
Lipid Digestion/Absorption in the Small Intestine
✔✔Bile emulsifies lipids in chyme. Pancreatic lipase splits lipids into smaller
particles. Small lipids (small/medium chain) enter capillary network, large lipids
(long chain) travel to bloodstream as chylomicrons.
, Lipid Transport
✔✔As lipoproteins.
Chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL, LDL.
Chylomicrons
✔✔Dietary lipid and carrier proteins (transport fat through watery blood fluids)
Very Low Density Lipoproteins
✔✔VLDL. Triglycerides synthesized in liver to body cells.
High Density Lipoproteins
✔✔HDL. Excess cholesterol in body cells to liver for excretion.
Low Density Lipoproteins
✔✔LDL. Triglycerides and cholesterol circulating in blood to body cells. HIGH
amount increases risk for heart disease.
Lipid Metabolism
✔✔When the body starts to run out of fuel from food, it turns to body stores.
Fatty Acid Use for Energy
✔✔Used by many organs. Typical fuel mix is 50/50 CHO and lipids for liver and
muscle at rest.
GUIDE LATEST UPDATED RATED A.
Lipids
✔✔Soluble in organic solvents, not in water.
Lipids in the body
✔✔Energy stores, muscle fuel, emergency reserve, padding and insulation, cell
membranes, raw materials
Lipids in food
✔✔Essential fatty acids, energy, transport of vitamins A/D/E/K and
phytochemicals, raw materials for needed products, sensory appeal for taste and
smell, stimulate appetite, satiety, texture
NRC for Dietary Fat
✔✔Less than 30% energy from dietary fat, less than 10% energy from saturated
fat.
DRI for Dietary Fat
✔✔20-35% energy from dietary fat. Polyunsaturated (5-10% energy from omega-
6, 0.6-1.2% from omega-3). Cholesterol= minimize intake within context of
healthy diet
WHO for Dietary Fat
✔✔Less than 1% energy from trans fats. Low saturated fat intake reduces blood
cholesterol and thus heart disease, unsaturated fat reduces blood clotting.
,Triglycerides
✔✔95% of food/body fat. 3 FA and glycerol backbone. Glycerol= glucose and AA.
Fatty Acid Classification
✔✔Classified by chain length and degree of saturation.
Chain Length Classification of Fatty Acids
✔✔Short is less than 10, medium is 12-14, long is greater than 16.
Degree of Saturation Classification of Fatty Acids
✔✔Saturated, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated.
Saturated Fatty Acid
✔✔NO DOUBLE BONDS. Solid at room temperature. Ex. butter, coconut oil.
Monounsaturated Fatty Acid
✔✔1 DOUBLE BOND. Ex. canola oil, olive oil.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid
✔✔2+ DOUBLE BONDS. Liquid at room temperature. Ex. plant and fish oil.
Phospholipids
✔✔Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate. Water and fat soluble. Emulsifier. Ex.
lecithin and egg yolk.
,Sterols
✔✔Cholesterol. Present in cell membranes/bile. Vitamin D.
Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Fats
✔✔Removing double carbon bonds, adding hydrogen. Creates trans-fatty acids,
which act like saturated fatty acids in the body, increase risk of CVD. In vegetable
oil, can create hard margarine/hydrogenated shortening. Allows better storage,
less rancidity, higher smoke point.
Trans Fatty Acids
✔✔Food labels require separate category consumed in processed foods/fast
foods, baked goods, fried foods.
Blending Oils in Unsaturated Fats
✔✔"Soft" margarine.
Lipid Digestion in the Stomach
✔✔Fat separates from watery components and floats to the top. Little digestion
occurs here.
Lipid Digestion/Absorption in the Small Intestine
✔✔Bile emulsifies lipids in chyme. Pancreatic lipase splits lipids into smaller
particles. Small lipids (small/medium chain) enter capillary network, large lipids
(long chain) travel to bloodstream as chylomicrons.
, Lipid Transport
✔✔As lipoproteins.
Chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL, LDL.
Chylomicrons
✔✔Dietary lipid and carrier proteins (transport fat through watery blood fluids)
Very Low Density Lipoproteins
✔✔VLDL. Triglycerides synthesized in liver to body cells.
High Density Lipoproteins
✔✔HDL. Excess cholesterol in body cells to liver for excretion.
Low Density Lipoproteins
✔✔LDL. Triglycerides and cholesterol circulating in blood to body cells. HIGH
amount increases risk for heart disease.
Lipid Metabolism
✔✔When the body starts to run out of fuel from food, it turns to body stores.
Fatty Acid Use for Energy
✔✔Used by many organs. Typical fuel mix is 50/50 CHO and lipids for liver and
muscle at rest.
