GEOGRAPHY A LEVEL EDEXCEL PAPER
2
% of residents who are students: - ANS - Durham: 31%
Belfast: 50%
Leicester: 18%
Leeds (Headingly): 68%
\7 domains of deprivation included in the Index: - ANS - - Income (22.5%) (Also used for
Supplementary Index: Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI))
- Employment (22.5%)
- Education (13.5%)
- Health (13.5%)
- Crime (9.3%)
- Barriers to housing & services (9.3%)
- Living environment (9.3%
\Aberstwyth global influences - ANS - - Fairtrade town status
- French company Laclatis employ most people in the private sector
- Very limited global immigration
- Twinned with cities in France, Germany, Argentina, and Ireland
- Most Pro-EU area in Britain
- Voted to remain in Brexit referendum
- A few Welsh speaking areas around the world due to colonisation
\Aberstwyth regional and national influences - ANS - - Aberstwyth university is in top ten for
student satisfaction
- In one of the top four welsh speaking counties
- 50% welsh speaking in 1961, 39% in 2001
- Older population than national average
- Unofficial capital of mid wales
- Voted for Plaid Cymru in 2017
- Originally a mining town with second biggest port in Wales
- Tourism industry has declined since the 50s
- Harbour has been developed into expensive marina
\Accessibility reasons for function and demographic change - ANS - - Proximity to large cities
and core economic zones
- Access to other places by road, rail and air
- Connections to other places help attract investment and visitors
\Administrative functions - ANS - This area includes local authority offices who run the local
services. Can also include national government offices and the monarchy.
\Agricultural based diversification - ANS - Producing and selling different types of specialty food
\Air pollution in China - ANS - 1. 750000 Chinese die prematurely annually from air pollution-
related respiratory diseases
,2. Over 70% of China's energy comes from its highly sulphurous coal fields.
3. By 2006, 32.8 million people on China has COPD. 39 million also had asthma.
4. By 2001, 47 cities in China regularly measured air pollution levels of SO2, NO2, PM10, and
forecasted an air pollution index.
5. Dust pollution is being tackled by planting a giant wind break to slow winds and stabilise the
environment: a 'great green wall' of trees across more than 35 million hectares of land by 2050,
especially in the west.
\Airport Development - Heathrow Expansion - ANS - In 2015, the Airports Commission gave a
clear and unanimous recommendation for an expansion plan at Heathrow, including a third
runway. The cost (estimated at £18.3billion), will be privately funded, but some of the support
infrastructure will be publically funded.
\Americanisation or westernisation - ANS - Cultural influence of North America and Europe on
other cultures around the world.
\Anti Heathrow Expansion - ANS - London's mayor, many MPs, local and national protest
groups, Greenpeace, some high-profile celebrities.
\Anti-globalisation/deglobalisation - ANS - Cultural erosion (alongside concerns about migration,
economic exploitation, deindustrialisation, and environmental damage) is leading to
anti-globalisation and de-globalisation movements.
\Arguments against Heathrow development - ANS - - Overstated economic cost as flying is
likely to fall
- Impact on locals as villages like Sipson are destroyed-
- Need to reduce emissions
- Bad location with flight paths over London
- Health of Londoners at risk due to Nitrus Oxide
\Arguments against HS2 - ANS - - Projected demand is uncertain
- More energy invested and use of land
- Will squeeze other transport budgets
- Bypassed places may lose business
- Claims are overstated by stakeholders
\Arguments for Heathrow development - ANS - - Heathrow needs more capacity to be a
competitor
- No alternative
- Will boost the economy with £7bn a year, retaining London's status
- Overplayed pollution concerns as new technology reduces emissions
\Arguments for HS2 - ANS - - Will sustain a modern economy hand help to compete with Europe
- Greater economic activity in the Midlands
- Connect 8 out of the 10 biggest cities
- Create 50000 jobs directly, 10000 indirectly
- Grow in capacity
- Ease congestion on roads and airports
- Free up space on existing tracks
\ASEAN - ANS - Association of South East Asian Nations
- 10 countries formed in 1967
- Combined population of 625 million
,- Combined GDP (PPP) = $3.6 tn
- Seventh largest economy in the world
\AT Kearney - ANS - Measures/compares cities.
\Attachment - ANS - How connected you feel with an area
\Attachment factors - ANS - - Length of residency
- Migrant v UK resident
- Family ties
- Social connections
- Community events
\Australia migration policy - ANS - - 28% born overseas
- Fastest growing is skilled workers from Asia
- Prioritizes younger, having a degree, work experience, and English speakers
- Asylum seekers are sent to island camps
\Australia position on migration - ANS - - 28% were born overseas
- mainly skilled workers from Asia
- prioritises younger, work experience, English speakers
- Asylum seekers sent into camps
\Benefits enterprise zones bring local communities and UK economy - ANS - - Develop long
term, sustainable growth
- Driving force of local economy as they unlock key development sites, consolidate
infrastructure, and attract businesses and create jobs
- All business rates growth generated is kept by local enterprise partnerships and local
authorities for 25 years to reinvest in local economic growth
\Benefits of global culture - ANS - - It may make it easier to communicate
- People believe that a global culture would promote equality, freedom of expression, and
reduce discrimination
- The diffusion of cultural objects can enhance the quality of life in some areas
\Biocapacity - ANS - The capacity of an area of productive land available to supply an ongoing
source of renewable resources and source its waste products.
\Both footprint and biocapacity are measured in - ANS - hectares
\Canary Wharf - ANS - - Industrial port before development
- Moved from industrial to commercial
- Replaces with large buildings used by economic firms
- Wealth of residents have increased dramatically
\Capitalism - ANS - An economic system based on private ownership of investment capital and
wealth production, whereby goods and services are sold for profit. Based on the concept of
'economic man', a theory developed by Adam Smith, in which people look after their own
interests first and foremost. Often referred to as 'free enterprise' and the 'market economy' in
which market forces determine the price of any service or item of produce.
\causes for Sydney's success - ANS - - Role as a global financial hub
- range of industries
- financial services sector was best performing
- international migration
- largest proportion of jobs on the knowledge economy
, - beaches, harbour, and climate
- time zone to trade with USA and Europe
- deregulating banking and finance
- focusing migration policy on qualified professionals
\Cautious acceptance of diaspora/immigrant culture with some controls methods: - ANS - -
Assimilation
- 'Citizenship testing'
\Cautious acceptance of diaspora/immigrant culture with some controls methods: 'Citizenship
testing' - ANS - UK rules for migrants are becoming stricter in reaction to popular concerns over
immigration
\Cautious acceptance of diaspora/immigrant culture with some controls methods: Assimilation -
ANS - A belief that minority traits should disappear as immigrants adopt host values
\Censorship in China - ANS - - State controlled: where print publishing or broadcasting via TV
and radio is run by official state media
- State monitored: where overseas countries media is monitored and censored, including TV
- 'Great firewall of China' prevents internet users from accessing BBC or Facebook services
- Strict quota of 34 foreign films a year
- Many people still celebrate western holidays like Chriatmas
- Fines for using VPNs
- Licenses needed to open websites and blogs
- Internet in China is a self contained network
\Censorship in North Korea - ANS - - North Korea's government controlled internet only has 28
websites
- Korean central television is the state-run TV channel seen by North Koreans The network
shows programmes praising Kim-Jong Il and Kim Il-Sung
\Change in Pearl River Delta from 1978 to 2003 - ANS - - Development of canals for industry,
using previous developments done for agriculture
- Estuary got shallower due to removed vegetation leading to more soil erosion and sediment.
- Far less vegetation due to urbanisation and industrialisation
- Industry took advantage of river estuary for container ships, and the Open Door Policy
- Development of large cities like Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou, for the rapidly
migrating population
\Changes to Pearl River Delta from 1978 to 2003. - ANS - - More artificial canals as in 1979
people in China did not have the resources or need to develop them.
- Estuary has got shallower due to less vegetation leading to more soil erosion, increasing
sediment in the river.
- Far less vegetation due to the urbanisation of former farmland and wilderness.
- Evidnece of industry taking advantage of the estuary due to the Open Door Policy
- Development of large cities like Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou due to the rapidly
growing population who need places to live.
\China FDI: cheap freight - ANS - In the early 2000s shipping fees were low. However there is
nie q shortage of shipping slots driving up the leixe. Companies with larger volumes get priority
bookings. Relatively low prices still enable TNCs to outsource manufacturing to far off places
and still make money.
2
% of residents who are students: - ANS - Durham: 31%
Belfast: 50%
Leicester: 18%
Leeds (Headingly): 68%
\7 domains of deprivation included in the Index: - ANS - - Income (22.5%) (Also used for
Supplementary Index: Income Deprivation Affecting Older People Index (IDAOPI))
- Employment (22.5%)
- Education (13.5%)
- Health (13.5%)
- Crime (9.3%)
- Barriers to housing & services (9.3%)
- Living environment (9.3%
\Aberstwyth global influences - ANS - - Fairtrade town status
- French company Laclatis employ most people in the private sector
- Very limited global immigration
- Twinned with cities in France, Germany, Argentina, and Ireland
- Most Pro-EU area in Britain
- Voted to remain in Brexit referendum
- A few Welsh speaking areas around the world due to colonisation
\Aberstwyth regional and national influences - ANS - - Aberstwyth university is in top ten for
student satisfaction
- In one of the top four welsh speaking counties
- 50% welsh speaking in 1961, 39% in 2001
- Older population than national average
- Unofficial capital of mid wales
- Voted for Plaid Cymru in 2017
- Originally a mining town with second biggest port in Wales
- Tourism industry has declined since the 50s
- Harbour has been developed into expensive marina
\Accessibility reasons for function and demographic change - ANS - - Proximity to large cities
and core economic zones
- Access to other places by road, rail and air
- Connections to other places help attract investment and visitors
\Administrative functions - ANS - This area includes local authority offices who run the local
services. Can also include national government offices and the monarchy.
\Agricultural based diversification - ANS - Producing and selling different types of specialty food
\Air pollution in China - ANS - 1. 750000 Chinese die prematurely annually from air pollution-
related respiratory diseases
,2. Over 70% of China's energy comes from its highly sulphurous coal fields.
3. By 2006, 32.8 million people on China has COPD. 39 million also had asthma.
4. By 2001, 47 cities in China regularly measured air pollution levels of SO2, NO2, PM10, and
forecasted an air pollution index.
5. Dust pollution is being tackled by planting a giant wind break to slow winds and stabilise the
environment: a 'great green wall' of trees across more than 35 million hectares of land by 2050,
especially in the west.
\Airport Development - Heathrow Expansion - ANS - In 2015, the Airports Commission gave a
clear and unanimous recommendation for an expansion plan at Heathrow, including a third
runway. The cost (estimated at £18.3billion), will be privately funded, but some of the support
infrastructure will be publically funded.
\Americanisation or westernisation - ANS - Cultural influence of North America and Europe on
other cultures around the world.
\Anti Heathrow Expansion - ANS - London's mayor, many MPs, local and national protest
groups, Greenpeace, some high-profile celebrities.
\Anti-globalisation/deglobalisation - ANS - Cultural erosion (alongside concerns about migration,
economic exploitation, deindustrialisation, and environmental damage) is leading to
anti-globalisation and de-globalisation movements.
\Arguments against Heathrow development - ANS - - Overstated economic cost as flying is
likely to fall
- Impact on locals as villages like Sipson are destroyed-
- Need to reduce emissions
- Bad location with flight paths over London
- Health of Londoners at risk due to Nitrus Oxide
\Arguments against HS2 - ANS - - Projected demand is uncertain
- More energy invested and use of land
- Will squeeze other transport budgets
- Bypassed places may lose business
- Claims are overstated by stakeholders
\Arguments for Heathrow development - ANS - - Heathrow needs more capacity to be a
competitor
- No alternative
- Will boost the economy with £7bn a year, retaining London's status
- Overplayed pollution concerns as new technology reduces emissions
\Arguments for HS2 - ANS - - Will sustain a modern economy hand help to compete with Europe
- Greater economic activity in the Midlands
- Connect 8 out of the 10 biggest cities
- Create 50000 jobs directly, 10000 indirectly
- Grow in capacity
- Ease congestion on roads and airports
- Free up space on existing tracks
\ASEAN - ANS - Association of South East Asian Nations
- 10 countries formed in 1967
- Combined population of 625 million
,- Combined GDP (PPP) = $3.6 tn
- Seventh largest economy in the world
\AT Kearney - ANS - Measures/compares cities.
\Attachment - ANS - How connected you feel with an area
\Attachment factors - ANS - - Length of residency
- Migrant v UK resident
- Family ties
- Social connections
- Community events
\Australia migration policy - ANS - - 28% born overseas
- Fastest growing is skilled workers from Asia
- Prioritizes younger, having a degree, work experience, and English speakers
- Asylum seekers are sent to island camps
\Australia position on migration - ANS - - 28% were born overseas
- mainly skilled workers from Asia
- prioritises younger, work experience, English speakers
- Asylum seekers sent into camps
\Benefits enterprise zones bring local communities and UK economy - ANS - - Develop long
term, sustainable growth
- Driving force of local economy as they unlock key development sites, consolidate
infrastructure, and attract businesses and create jobs
- All business rates growth generated is kept by local enterprise partnerships and local
authorities for 25 years to reinvest in local economic growth
\Benefits of global culture - ANS - - It may make it easier to communicate
- People believe that a global culture would promote equality, freedom of expression, and
reduce discrimination
- The diffusion of cultural objects can enhance the quality of life in some areas
\Biocapacity - ANS - The capacity of an area of productive land available to supply an ongoing
source of renewable resources and source its waste products.
\Both footprint and biocapacity are measured in - ANS - hectares
\Canary Wharf - ANS - - Industrial port before development
- Moved from industrial to commercial
- Replaces with large buildings used by economic firms
- Wealth of residents have increased dramatically
\Capitalism - ANS - An economic system based on private ownership of investment capital and
wealth production, whereby goods and services are sold for profit. Based on the concept of
'economic man', a theory developed by Adam Smith, in which people look after their own
interests first and foremost. Often referred to as 'free enterprise' and the 'market economy' in
which market forces determine the price of any service or item of produce.
\causes for Sydney's success - ANS - - Role as a global financial hub
- range of industries
- financial services sector was best performing
- international migration
- largest proportion of jobs on the knowledge economy
, - beaches, harbour, and climate
- time zone to trade with USA and Europe
- deregulating banking and finance
- focusing migration policy on qualified professionals
\Cautious acceptance of diaspora/immigrant culture with some controls methods: - ANS - -
Assimilation
- 'Citizenship testing'
\Cautious acceptance of diaspora/immigrant culture with some controls methods: 'Citizenship
testing' - ANS - UK rules for migrants are becoming stricter in reaction to popular concerns over
immigration
\Cautious acceptance of diaspora/immigrant culture with some controls methods: Assimilation -
ANS - A belief that minority traits should disappear as immigrants adopt host values
\Censorship in China - ANS - - State controlled: where print publishing or broadcasting via TV
and radio is run by official state media
- State monitored: where overseas countries media is monitored and censored, including TV
- 'Great firewall of China' prevents internet users from accessing BBC or Facebook services
- Strict quota of 34 foreign films a year
- Many people still celebrate western holidays like Chriatmas
- Fines for using VPNs
- Licenses needed to open websites and blogs
- Internet in China is a self contained network
\Censorship in North Korea - ANS - - North Korea's government controlled internet only has 28
websites
- Korean central television is the state-run TV channel seen by North Koreans The network
shows programmes praising Kim-Jong Il and Kim Il-Sung
\Change in Pearl River Delta from 1978 to 2003 - ANS - - Development of canals for industry,
using previous developments done for agriculture
- Estuary got shallower due to removed vegetation leading to more soil erosion and sediment.
- Far less vegetation due to urbanisation and industrialisation
- Industry took advantage of river estuary for container ships, and the Open Door Policy
- Development of large cities like Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou, for the rapidly
migrating population
\Changes to Pearl River Delta from 1978 to 2003. - ANS - - More artificial canals as in 1979
people in China did not have the resources or need to develop them.
- Estuary has got shallower due to less vegetation leading to more soil erosion, increasing
sediment in the river.
- Far less vegetation due to the urbanisation of former farmland and wilderness.
- Evidnece of industry taking advantage of the estuary due to the Open Door Policy
- Development of large cities like Dongguan, Shenzhen, and Guangzhou due to the rapidly
growing population who need places to live.
\China FDI: cheap freight - ANS - In the early 2000s shipping fees were low. However there is
nie q shortage of shipping slots driving up the leixe. Companies with larger volumes get priority
bookings. Relatively low prices still enable TNCs to outsource manufacturing to far off places
and still make money.
