Basic Concepts of Nursing- Exam #1
Questions and Complete Solutions
Graded A+
Health - Answer: *defined by WHO as "state of complete physical, mental, and socialwell-being, not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
*is a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality, and lifestyle
Illness - Answer: *state where physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired
Acute Illness - Answer: short duration and severe
Chronic Illness - Answer: persists more than 6 months
Primary prevention - Answer: *Aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs;
*This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or
unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury
should exposure occur.
Secondary prevention - Answer: *Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already
occurred.
*This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress,
encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return
people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems.
Tertiary prevention - Answer: *Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting
effects.
*This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g.
chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to
function, their quality of life and their life expectancy. Examples include
,Pender health promotion model - Answer: Focuses on the following:
1. Individual characteristics and experiences
2. Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
3.Behavioral outcomes, in which a patient commits to or changes behavior
Basic human needs model - Answer: Maslow: emphasizes identifying a
patient's individual needs, prioritizing the needs, and encouraging the patient's individual discovery
1. physiological - food water shelter warmth
2. safety- security stability freedom from fear
3. belonging & love - friends family spouse lover
4. self esteem - achievement mastery recognition respect
5. self actualization- pursue inner talent creativity fulfillmen
Holistic health model - Answer: Promote optimal health by incorporating active
participation of patients in improving their health state
*The nurse recognizes the natural healing ability of the body
*It attempts to create conditions for optimal health.
*It incorporates complementary and alternative therapies into nursing care.
Henderson - Answer: Theory; 14 basic needs of whole person (phys, psych etc.) client centered
Roy - Answer: *Theory
* Explains the adaptation model and considers the patient to be an adaptive system
* The patient adapts to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, and interdependent relations
during health and illness
, Nightengale's environment theroy - Answer: *A patients environment, which nurses should manipulate
so nature is able to restore patient to health.
*Grand theory - a patients environment, which nurses should manipulate so nature is able to restore
patient to health.
Peplau's interpersonal theory - Answer: *Focus on interpersonal relations between nurse, patient, and
patient's family
*Middle-range theory - nurses help patients reduce their anxiety by converting it into constructive
actions.
Preoperational - Answer: Interpersonal; Data gathering
*ex: looking at person chart
Orientation - Answer: Interpersonal; Defining Issue
*ex: Introduce yourself
Working Phase - Answer: Interpersonal; Therapeutic activity
*ex: open and close ended questions
Resolution - Answer: Interpersonal; Termination of relationship
ex: summarizing (discharge planning begins the
moment the patient walks in), continuing health needs at home
Orem's self-care deficit theory - Answer: *Focuses on patient's self-care needs; commonly used in
nursing practice
*Goal is for patient to manage his or her health problems.
Questions and Complete Solutions
Graded A+
Health - Answer: *defined by WHO as "state of complete physical, mental, and socialwell-being, not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity"
*is a state of being that people define in relation to their own values, personality, and lifestyle
Illness - Answer: *state where physical, emotional, intellectual, social, developmental, or spiritual
functioning is diminished or impaired
Acute Illness - Answer: short duration and severe
Chronic Illness - Answer: persists more than 6 months
Primary prevention - Answer: *Aims to prevent disease or injury before it ever occurs;
*This is done by preventing exposures to hazards that cause disease or injury, altering unhealthy or
unsafe behaviours that can lead to disease or injury, and increasing resistance to disease or injury
should exposure occur.
Secondary prevention - Answer: *Aims to reduce the impact of a disease or injury that has already
occurred.
*This is done by detecting and treating disease or injury as soon as possible to halt or slow its progress,
encouraging personal strategies to prevent reinjury or recurrence, and implementing programs to return
people to their original health and function to prevent long-term problems.
Tertiary prevention - Answer: *Aims to soften the impact of an ongoing illness or injury that has lasting
effects.
*This is done by helping people manage long-term, often-complex health problems and injuries (e.g.
chronic diseases, permanent impairments) in order to improve as much as possible their ability to
function, their quality of life and their life expectancy. Examples include
,Pender health promotion model - Answer: Focuses on the following:
1. Individual characteristics and experiences
2. Behavior-specific knowledge and affect
3.Behavioral outcomes, in which a patient commits to or changes behavior
Basic human needs model - Answer: Maslow: emphasizes identifying a
patient's individual needs, prioritizing the needs, and encouraging the patient's individual discovery
1. physiological - food water shelter warmth
2. safety- security stability freedom from fear
3. belonging & love - friends family spouse lover
4. self esteem - achievement mastery recognition respect
5. self actualization- pursue inner talent creativity fulfillmen
Holistic health model - Answer: Promote optimal health by incorporating active
participation of patients in improving their health state
*The nurse recognizes the natural healing ability of the body
*It attempts to create conditions for optimal health.
*It incorporates complementary and alternative therapies into nursing care.
Henderson - Answer: Theory; 14 basic needs of whole person (phys, psych etc.) client centered
Roy - Answer: *Theory
* Explains the adaptation model and considers the patient to be an adaptive system
* The patient adapts to changes in physiological needs, self-concept, and interdependent relations
during health and illness
, Nightengale's environment theroy - Answer: *A patients environment, which nurses should manipulate
so nature is able to restore patient to health.
*Grand theory - a patients environment, which nurses should manipulate so nature is able to restore
patient to health.
Peplau's interpersonal theory - Answer: *Focus on interpersonal relations between nurse, patient, and
patient's family
*Middle-range theory - nurses help patients reduce their anxiety by converting it into constructive
actions.
Preoperational - Answer: Interpersonal; Data gathering
*ex: looking at person chart
Orientation - Answer: Interpersonal; Defining Issue
*ex: Introduce yourself
Working Phase - Answer: Interpersonal; Therapeutic activity
*ex: open and close ended questions
Resolution - Answer: Interpersonal; Termination of relationship
ex: summarizing (discharge planning begins the
moment the patient walks in), continuing health needs at home
Orem's self-care deficit theory - Answer: *Focuses on patient's self-care needs; commonly used in
nursing practice
*Goal is for patient to manage his or her health problems.
