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Praxis Middle School Science (5442)
Exam Study Guide | Comprehensive
Exam Prep
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Define hypothesis in scientific investigation. A testable, educated prediction based on prior knowledge and
observations.
What is the difference between independent and Independent variable is changed by the scientist; dependent variable
dependent variables? is what is measured or observed.
A student changes water temperature to see plant Water temperature is the independent variable because it is being
growth. What is the independent variable? manipulated.
What is a control group? A group that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used
for comparison.
Why are replicates important in experiments? They increase reliability and reduce the chance of random error.
A constant is a factor that ______ throughout an remains unchanged
experiment.
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What is peer review in science? Evaluation of scientific work by other experts before publication to
ensure accuracy and validity.
A theory is a guess. False — A theory is a well-supported explanation based on extensive
evidence.
Why is the word "theory" often misunderstood? In science it means a well-tested explanation, not a guess like in
everyday language.
What is scientific law? A statement that describes consistent natural relationships or patterns,
often mathematical.
Difference between theory and law? Theory explains why; law describes what happens.
What is bias in science? A preference or assumption that can affect objectivity in data
interpretation.
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A student only records data that supports their Confirmation bias.
hypothesis. What error is this?
What is engineering design process? A step-by-step approach: define problem, brainstorm, design, test,
improve.
The engineering design process is ______ and often iterative
repeats steps.
Why is failure important in engineering? It provides feedback to improve designs and solutions.
What is a prototype? A preliminary model used for testing a design idea.
A bridge collapses during testing. What should Analyze failure and redesign with improvements.
engineers do next?
What is criteria in engineering design? Required conditions the solution must meet.
What are constraints? Limitations such as cost, time, materials, or safety.
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https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbanknesshttps://www.stuvia.com/user/tbanknesshttps://www.stuvia
.com/user/tbankness
Praxis Middle School Science (5442)
Exam Study Guide | Comprehensive
Exam Prep
https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbanknesshttps://www.stuvia.com/user/tbanknesshttps://www.stuvia
.com/user/tbankness
https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness
Define hypothesis in scientific investigation. A testable, educated prediction based on prior knowledge and
observations.
What is the difference between independent and Independent variable is changed by the scientist; dependent variable
dependent variables? is what is measured or observed.
A student changes water temperature to see plant Water temperature is the independent variable because it is being
growth. What is the independent variable? manipulated.
What is a control group? A group that does not receive the experimental treatment and is used
for comparison.
Why are replicates important in experiments? They increase reliability and reduce the chance of random error.
A constant is a factor that ______ throughout an remains unchanged
experiment.
https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness
,https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness
What is peer review in science? Evaluation of scientific work by other experts before publication to
ensure accuracy and validity.
A theory is a guess. False — A theory is a well-supported explanation based on extensive
evidence.
Why is the word "theory" often misunderstood? In science it means a well-tested explanation, not a guess like in
everyday language.
What is scientific law? A statement that describes consistent natural relationships or patterns,
often mathematical.
Difference between theory and law? Theory explains why; law describes what happens.
What is bias in science? A preference or assumption that can affect objectivity in data
interpretation.
https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness
, https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness
A student only records data that supports their Confirmation bias.
hypothesis. What error is this?
What is engineering design process? A step-by-step approach: define problem, brainstorm, design, test,
improve.
The engineering design process is ______ and often iterative
repeats steps.
Why is failure important in engineering? It provides feedback to improve designs and solutions.
What is a prototype? A preliminary model used for testing a design idea.
A bridge collapses during testing. What should Analyze failure and redesign with improvements.
engineers do next?
What is criteria in engineering design? Required conditions the solution must meet.
What are constraints? Limitations such as cost, time, materials, or safety.
https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness https://www.stuvia.com/user/tbankness
