AQUA 102 Week 8, 9,10,11 Definitions 100% Verified
Sustainability - ANSWER For this course, we can define sustainability from a human
perspective based on the 1987 Brundtland report 'Our Common Future' as using
resources that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to do the same.
Three pillars of sustainability: - ANSWER 1. Social/Cultural (i.e. how people are
affected)
2. Economic (i.e. how profit is affected)
3. Environmental (i.e. how the planet is affectd)
Stock - ANSWER a population of a species that is distinct from other populations either
genetically, reproductively, or geographically
Overexploited - ANSWER excessive utilization of a resource where its use becomes
damaging or unsustainable
-At least one-third of fish stocks are overexploited
-Many of the populations that are overexploited are large predatory species that occupy
high levels in food webs (e.g., top predators).
fishing down the food web - ANSWER progressively smaller species and individuals
have been targeted because larger ones are not abundant enough.
- Ex/ Cod, tuna, swordfish stocks have dropped about 90%
Abundance - ANSWER the number of fish within a stock out in the wild
Stock assessments - ANSWER commonly used to understand the health of fish
populations and implement strategies to effectively manage fisheries. They allow for the
prediction of fishery yield under different scenarios of fishing. There are three basic
,factors, known as the 'ABC' method that are required to conduct a stock assessment:
abundance, biological factors, and catch.
-(The overall goal consists of ensuring the stocks have long-term viability from an
economic point of view, but also social and environmental.)
Catch - ANSWER how many fish are being caught in the fisheries
Biological factors - ANSWER aspect of a species biology that are pertinent for fisheries
management, such as growth rates, mortality rates, age structure, etc.
Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) - ANSWER the level that a stock can be fished that
ensures it is
(1) not overexploited leading to decreases in stock biomass (i.e., the total weight of the
fish caught) beyond recovery and
(2) not underfished leading to potential food and income loss that could be sustainably
harvested
Therefore, MSY balances between fishing intensity and fish biomass
Aquaculture - ANSWER consists of the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of aquatic
organisms such as finfish, shellfish, and primary producers (e.g., algae and seaweed)
- relatively new industry, although its practice has been around for centuries in small
pockets across the world
- Sixty years ago, widescale aquaculture was practically non-existent, world production
of less than 2 million tons per year
- From 1960 to 2015, aquaculture (or fish farming) increased 50-fold to production over
100 million tons per year, and its output continues to rise
- Last few years, aquaculture overtook wild capture fisheries in terms of biomass
produced
Aquaculture main purposes - ANSWER • Human consumption
• Stocking purposes
, • Restoration (habitat and wild stocks)
• Fish feed (e.g., livestock) and fish oil market
• Aquarium fish
• Other products
(e.g., medicines, cosmetics, etc)
Mariculture - ANSWER Aquaculture associated with the sea
Precision mariculture - ANSWER technology innovations that can be incorporated.
Involves using monitoring sensors and specialized feeding tubes to ensure fish are
exposed to optimal environmental conditions and food waste is limited
Ocean pollution - ANSWER human-derived substances that cause harmful effects to
ocean organisms or processes
-The harmful effects are diverse including physical (e.g., entanglement), biological (e.g.,
pathogens), and chemical (e.g., endocrine or hormonal disruptors).
-Much of the waste we produce ends up in our waterways (e.g., rivers and streams) and
finds its way into the oceans
Three main sources of ocean pollution - ANSWER Industry, Agriculture, Public
Industrial Pollution - ANSWER consists of pollution from industrial activities that are
not disposed or treated properly before entering the oceans
• manufactured chemicals, processing waste or byproducts, plastics, petroleum waste,
and even carbon dioxide from industrial emissions
• Ocean disasters often associated with energy companies, such as oil spills (e.g., BP
and Exxon Valdez oil disasters), are also a form of industrial pollution that have
widespread implications on ecosystems
Agriculture pollution (run-off) - ANSWER caused primarily when pesticides, fertilizers,
sediments,
Sustainability - ANSWER For this course, we can define sustainability from a human
perspective based on the 1987 Brundtland report 'Our Common Future' as using
resources that meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to do the same.
Three pillars of sustainability: - ANSWER 1. Social/Cultural (i.e. how people are
affected)
2. Economic (i.e. how profit is affected)
3. Environmental (i.e. how the planet is affectd)
Stock - ANSWER a population of a species that is distinct from other populations either
genetically, reproductively, or geographically
Overexploited - ANSWER excessive utilization of a resource where its use becomes
damaging or unsustainable
-At least one-third of fish stocks are overexploited
-Many of the populations that are overexploited are large predatory species that occupy
high levels in food webs (e.g., top predators).
fishing down the food web - ANSWER progressively smaller species and individuals
have been targeted because larger ones are not abundant enough.
- Ex/ Cod, tuna, swordfish stocks have dropped about 90%
Abundance - ANSWER the number of fish within a stock out in the wild
Stock assessments - ANSWER commonly used to understand the health of fish
populations and implement strategies to effectively manage fisheries. They allow for the
prediction of fishery yield under different scenarios of fishing. There are three basic
,factors, known as the 'ABC' method that are required to conduct a stock assessment:
abundance, biological factors, and catch.
-(The overall goal consists of ensuring the stocks have long-term viability from an
economic point of view, but also social and environmental.)
Catch - ANSWER how many fish are being caught in the fisheries
Biological factors - ANSWER aspect of a species biology that are pertinent for fisheries
management, such as growth rates, mortality rates, age structure, etc.
Maximum sustainable yield (MSY) - ANSWER the level that a stock can be fished that
ensures it is
(1) not overexploited leading to decreases in stock biomass (i.e., the total weight of the
fish caught) beyond recovery and
(2) not underfished leading to potential food and income loss that could be sustainably
harvested
Therefore, MSY balances between fishing intensity and fish biomass
Aquaculture - ANSWER consists of the breeding, rearing, and harvesting of aquatic
organisms such as finfish, shellfish, and primary producers (e.g., algae and seaweed)
- relatively new industry, although its practice has been around for centuries in small
pockets across the world
- Sixty years ago, widescale aquaculture was practically non-existent, world production
of less than 2 million tons per year
- From 1960 to 2015, aquaculture (or fish farming) increased 50-fold to production over
100 million tons per year, and its output continues to rise
- Last few years, aquaculture overtook wild capture fisheries in terms of biomass
produced
Aquaculture main purposes - ANSWER • Human consumption
• Stocking purposes
, • Restoration (habitat and wild stocks)
• Fish feed (e.g., livestock) and fish oil market
• Aquarium fish
• Other products
(e.g., medicines, cosmetics, etc)
Mariculture - ANSWER Aquaculture associated with the sea
Precision mariculture - ANSWER technology innovations that can be incorporated.
Involves using monitoring sensors and specialized feeding tubes to ensure fish are
exposed to optimal environmental conditions and food waste is limited
Ocean pollution - ANSWER human-derived substances that cause harmful effects to
ocean organisms or processes
-The harmful effects are diverse including physical (e.g., entanglement), biological (e.g.,
pathogens), and chemical (e.g., endocrine or hormonal disruptors).
-Much of the waste we produce ends up in our waterways (e.g., rivers and streams) and
finds its way into the oceans
Three main sources of ocean pollution - ANSWER Industry, Agriculture, Public
Industrial Pollution - ANSWER consists of pollution from industrial activities that are
not disposed or treated properly before entering the oceans
• manufactured chemicals, processing waste or byproducts, plastics, petroleum waste,
and even carbon dioxide from industrial emissions
• Ocean disasters often associated with energy companies, such as oil spills (e.g., BP
and Exxon Valdez oil disasters), are also a form of industrial pollution that have
widespread implications on ecosystems
Agriculture pollution (run-off) - ANSWER caused primarily when pesticides, fertilizers,
sediments,
