Genetics Bio 305 Exam With Complete Solutions 100% Verified
genetics - ANSWER the unifying thread of all biology
molecular genetics - ANSWER structure, function & regulation of DNA/genes
transmission genetics - ANSWER pattern of inheritance, parent to offspring
population genetics - ANSWER the fate of genes in populations, evolution
concrete approach - ANSWER start with known molecules, processes, explain how
they work
conceptual approach - ANSWER follow development of ideas, eventually get to right
answer: Historical chronology
Gregor Mendel - ANSWER scientist who made very important foundational discoveries
on inheritance through pea experiment
Christian Coppler - ANSWER physicist at University of Vienna that Mendel studied
under. Learned science through experiment and to apply math to understanding
Franz Unger - ANSWER botanist at University of Vienna that Mendel studied under.
Interested in causes of variation in plants. Argued for the evolution (non-fixity) of
species
pea experiment - ANSWER 7 year long study (1856-1863) on 28,000 plants. Published
in 1866
,blending inheritance - ANSWER offspring receive an equal mix of genetic info from
both parents. offspring have a blend of traits, bloodlines (like mixed paints) cannot later
separate.
why the pea plant? - ANSWER different varieties available, can be grown in large
quantities, have large numbers of offspring, short germination times, and you can
CONTROL REPRODUCTION
peas have both reproductive organs encoded within flowers, prevents wind pollination
(pea is either insect pollinated or self pollinated).
can snip off (immature) anthers to prevent self pollination
can brush pollen from anther to stigma of another plant (controlled cross)
true breeding - ANSWER homozygous; has two identical alleles (PP or pp)
monohybrid - ANSWER parents differ in one trait
dihybrid - ANSWER parents differ in two traits
F1 monohybrid inheritance - ANSWER 1:1 PHENOTYPIC ratio. one trait disappears!
offspring are exactly like one of the parents (dominant). NOT a blend - disproves the
blending theory
F1 first filial generation - ANSWER the first hybrid offspring of the two parents
F2 second filial generation - ANSWER the second generation of the hybrid, when the F1
is allowed to self pollinate
F2 monohybrid inheritance - ANSWER 3:1 PHENOTYPIC ratio.
, F2 plants showing recessive character are true-breeding for recessive trait
1/3 of the plants showing the dominant character trait are true-breeding for dominant
trait.
2/3 of them behave exactly like the F1 hybrid
Parental cross - ANSWER P X P
Intercross - ANSWER F1 X F1, F2 X F2
Backcross - ANSWER F1 X P
Test cross - ANSWER unknown x true-breeding recessive
Punnett square - ANSWER shows all the possible combinations of alleles in offspring
that result from cross breeding
F1 dihybrid inheritance - ANSWER 9:3:3:1 PHENOTYPIC ratio; still 3:1 ratios observed
for each trait.
9/16= 3/4 X 3/4
3/16= 3/4 X 1/4
1/16= 1/4 X 1/4
genetics - ANSWER the unifying thread of all biology
molecular genetics - ANSWER structure, function & regulation of DNA/genes
transmission genetics - ANSWER pattern of inheritance, parent to offspring
population genetics - ANSWER the fate of genes in populations, evolution
concrete approach - ANSWER start with known molecules, processes, explain how
they work
conceptual approach - ANSWER follow development of ideas, eventually get to right
answer: Historical chronology
Gregor Mendel - ANSWER scientist who made very important foundational discoveries
on inheritance through pea experiment
Christian Coppler - ANSWER physicist at University of Vienna that Mendel studied
under. Learned science through experiment and to apply math to understanding
Franz Unger - ANSWER botanist at University of Vienna that Mendel studied under.
Interested in causes of variation in plants. Argued for the evolution (non-fixity) of
species
pea experiment - ANSWER 7 year long study (1856-1863) on 28,000 plants. Published
in 1866
,blending inheritance - ANSWER offspring receive an equal mix of genetic info from
both parents. offspring have a blend of traits, bloodlines (like mixed paints) cannot later
separate.
why the pea plant? - ANSWER different varieties available, can be grown in large
quantities, have large numbers of offspring, short germination times, and you can
CONTROL REPRODUCTION
peas have both reproductive organs encoded within flowers, prevents wind pollination
(pea is either insect pollinated or self pollinated).
can snip off (immature) anthers to prevent self pollination
can brush pollen from anther to stigma of another plant (controlled cross)
true breeding - ANSWER homozygous; has two identical alleles (PP or pp)
monohybrid - ANSWER parents differ in one trait
dihybrid - ANSWER parents differ in two traits
F1 monohybrid inheritance - ANSWER 1:1 PHENOTYPIC ratio. one trait disappears!
offspring are exactly like one of the parents (dominant). NOT a blend - disproves the
blending theory
F1 first filial generation - ANSWER the first hybrid offspring of the two parents
F2 second filial generation - ANSWER the second generation of the hybrid, when the F1
is allowed to self pollinate
F2 monohybrid inheritance - ANSWER 3:1 PHENOTYPIC ratio.
, F2 plants showing recessive character are true-breeding for recessive trait
1/3 of the plants showing the dominant character trait are true-breeding for dominant
trait.
2/3 of them behave exactly like the F1 hybrid
Parental cross - ANSWER P X P
Intercross - ANSWER F1 X F1, F2 X F2
Backcross - ANSWER F1 X P
Test cross - ANSWER unknown x true-breeding recessive
Punnett square - ANSWER shows all the possible combinations of alleles in offspring
that result from cross breeding
F1 dihybrid inheritance - ANSWER 9:3:3:1 PHENOTYPIC ratio; still 3:1 ratios observed
for each trait.
9/16= 3/4 X 3/4
3/16= 3/4 X 1/4
1/16= 1/4 X 1/4
